Ch.5 & Ch.6

metabolite

product of enzyme action on a drug

Identify a true statement about cocaine hydrochloride.

It cannot be heated to form vapors for inhalation

Identify an accurate statement about the molecular structure of methamphetamine.

It has a methyl group added to the basic amphetamine structure.

Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate)

a slightly different version of Adderall, approved to treat ADHD

Identify a true statement about the effect of drugs on the CYP450 family of enzymes, which are the most important drug-metabolizing enzymes found in the liver.

Most drugs have been found to increase the activity of these enzymes

lipophilic

the extent to which chemicals can be dissolved in oils and fats

cocaine hydrochloride

the most common form of pure cocaine, it is stable and water soluble

time course

timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect

adulterated

to make something poorer in quality by adding another substance. With regards to street drugs, also known as "cut" or "stepped on"

insufflation

to take a drug through the nose

Ch.5

Ch.5

Ch. 6

Ch.6

In March and July 2010, the two houses of the United States Congress approved a bill that would reduce the quantity ratio between the amounts of powder and crack cocaine needed to trigger certain mandatory minimum sentences for trafficking cocaine to _____. Multiple choice question. 68 to 1 100 to 1 18 to 1 50 to 1

18 to 1

Identify a product developed by Angelo Mariani that made him rich and famous. A. Coca wine B. Coca paste C. Coca lozenge D. Coca tea

A. Coca wine

Identify an effect of depressant drugs. A. Disinhibition B. Wakefulness C. Improved gross motor skills D. Improved muscular coordination

A. Disinhibition

Identify the neurotransmitters whose reuptake is blocked by cocaine. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Norepinephrine B. Dopamine C. Anandamide D. Serotonin E. Acetylcholine

A. Norepinephrine B. Dopamine D. Serotonin

The evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of amphetamines and _________ in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, shows that these medications increase brain catecholamine activity. A. Ritalin B. Prozac C. Vallum D. Ambien

A. Ritalin

Under the new law signed by President Obama on August 3rd, 2010, the amount of crack cocaine required to trigger a five-year sentence is at least _________ grams. A. 14 B. 8 C. 28 D. 5

C. 28

The origin of the earliest civilization in the Americas, the beginning around 5000 B.C. of what was to become the Inca Empire in Peru, has been traced to the use of _______________. A. coca B. betel nut C. heroin D. alcohol

A. coca

The combination of cocaine and alcohol in the body results in the formation of a chemical called _____________. A. cocaethylene B. cocaine hydrochloride C. benzodiazapine D. crack cocaine

A. cocaethylene

According to studies on cocaine-related behaviors, drugs that block only dopamine reuptake ______________. A. do not produce the same behavioral effects as cocaine B. are not failures in treating cocaine addiction C. produce effects that are similar to that of hallucinogens D. tend to be highly effective in treating specific phobias

A. do not produce the same behavioral effects as cocaine

Psychoactive drugs alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by _______________. A. increasing or decreasing the transmitter chemical's rate of synthesis B. preventing the production and release of neurotransmitters C. maintaining the usual rate of the neurotransmitter's reuptake into a neuron D. mimicking the effects of the transmitter chemical

A. increasing or decreasing the transmitter chemical's rate of synthesis.

When the potential for misuse of cocaine as an anesthetic drug became clear during the 19th century, ___________, a synthetic agent with similar characteristics, was discovered in 1905. A. procaine B. nicotine C. cocaine hydrochloride D. crack cocaine

A. procaine

Identify a true statement about oral administration of drugs.

Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated way to enter the bloodstream

Identify a reason for acute cocaine poisoning.

Adulteration of illicit cocaine with other chemicals

Identify a provision of the Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1986.

An individual convicted of selling five grams of crack cocaine would be required to serve a minimum sentence of five years in prison.

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Under the new law signed by President Obama on August 3rd, 2010, the amount of crack cocaine required to trigger a five-year sentence is at least _____ grams. Multiple choice question. A. 14 B. 28 C. 5 D. 8

B. 28

Identify the products introduced by Angelo Mariani in which he used an extract from the coca leaves. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. A. Cocaine hydrochloride B. Coca lozenge C. Coca paste D. Coca tea

B. Coca lozenge D. Coca tea

Characteristics of acute cocaine poisoning are similar to that of ____________ overdose. A. heroin B. amphetamine C. flunitrazepam D. nicotine

B. amphetamine

Amphetamine intoxication at higher doses, especially administered for extended periods, can cause a user to _______________. A. experience insomnia and bulimia nervosa B. become suspicious to the point of paranoia C. display decreased attention-seeking behavior D. show decreased feelings of power and capability

B. become suspicious to the point of paranoia

Powder and crack cocaine are qualitatively the same drug because powder cocaine _____, which will produce the onset of effects as rapid as smoking crack cocaine. Multiple choice question. A. can be heated to form vapors for inhalation B. can be dissolved in water or saline and injected intravenously C. forms coca tea when mixed with a volatile solvent D. forms cocaine hydrochloride when mixed with baking soda

B. can be dissolved in water or saline and injected intravenously

After World War II, it was discovered that injecting amphetamines along with ___________ can get effects similar to that of cocaine. A. nicotine B. heroin C. hashish D. marijuana

B. heroin

It appears that humans in the Andes first settled down and formed communities around places where calcified lime could be mined. This was because the psychoactive effects of drugs can be made stronger by adding some calcified lime that helps _________________. A. raise the acidity inside the mouth B. increase the extraction of cocaine C. decrease the activity of neurotransmitters that help the metabolism of cocaine D. reduce cocaine's absorption in the mouth's blood supply

B. increase the extraction of cocaine

In the context of routes of drug administration, a key drawback associated with repeated intranasal drug use or insufflation is the potential for _______________. A. nasal polyp B. nasal necrosis C. nasal septal hematoma D. nasal vestibulitis

B. nasal necrosis

After prolonged daily cocaine administration in animals, many scientists during the 1970s concluded that cocaine _________________. A. in linked to obvious withdrawal symptoms B. produces no physical dependence C. is a strong, addictive drug D. causes no effects resembling that of amphetamine

B. produces no physical dependence

Ephedrine is often called a sympathomimetic drug because it __________. A. does not have any effect on elevating blood pressure levels B. stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system C. is a bridge between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system D. does not affect the functioning of neurotransmitters

B. stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

A consequence of a scarcity in cocaine supplies is that ________________. A. purity of seized cocaine samples will increase B. street prices of cocaine will increase C. physical dependence of users will reduce D. behavioral dependence of users will reduce

B. street prices of cocaine will increase

The 1914 Harrison Act affected the availability of cocaine by ____________. A. spreading awareness about the ill effects of cocaine and opium B. taxing the importation and sale of coca and cocaine along with opium C. closing the outlets for sale of coca, cocaine, and opium D. arresting and imposing fine on those who possess cocaine and opium

B. taxing the importation and sale of coca and cocaine along with opium

In the context of dose-response relationship of a drug, at some low dose, an effect on the response system being monitored is observed. This dose is called the _____________. A. margin B. threshold C. brink D. limit

B. threshold

Identify the countries that are the primary source of illicit cocaine in the United States. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Uruguay Bolivia Peru Colombia Brazil

Bolivia Peru Colombia

Identify an impact of consuming cocaine repeatedly and at increasingly high doses. A. Organized thinking B. Hypersomnia C. Increased irritability D. Diabetes

C. Increased irritability

_________ laws in the United States now protect drugs for 20 years, and after that time the finding is available for use by anyone. A. Access B. Espionage C. Patent D. Censorship

C. Patent

The best available treatment for narcolepsy seems to be to keep the patient awake during the day with _____________. A. cocaine B. alcohol C. amphetamines D. hallucinogens

C. amphetamines

Amphetamines are used to treat symptoms of ____________. A. paranoid personality disorder B. narcissistic personality disorder C. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder D. bipolar disorder

C. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Most of the general anesthetics have been thought to affect the central nervous system by a general influence on the ________________ of a neuron. A. synapse B. axon hillock C. cell membrane D. nucieus

C. cell membrane

Coca leaves contain, besides the oils that give them flavor, the active chemical _____. Multiple choice question. A. cocoa B. methamphetamine C. cocaine D. amphetamine

C. cocaine

According to research on the effects of amphetamines, students use amphetamines in order to ____________. A. normalize their sleeping patterns B. improve their creativity C. stay awake and study longer D. get sound sleep

C. stay awake and study longer

Amphetamines increase the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters by ____________. A. exerting its effects on the receptor B. mimicking the effects of these neurotransmitters C. stimulating the release of these neurotransmitters D. preventing the neurotransmitters from acting on the receptors

C. stimulating the release of these neurotransmitters

The method of smoking cocaine by converting cocaine hydrochloride into freebase can be very dangerous because _____. Multiple choice question. A. an inflammable substance called cocaethylene is formed B. the combination of cocaine hydrochloride and crack is poisonous C. the combination of fire and ether fumes is extremely explosive D. an inflammable substance called benzoylecgonine is formed

C. the combination of fire and ether fumes is extremely explosive

Mixing cocaine with simple household chemicals, including baking soda and water, and the drying it resulted in a lump of smokable cocaine known as _____________. A. coca paste B. freebase C. coca tea D. crack

D. crack

If doses of a drug are taken in extremely short intervals, the maximum blood level will increase with each dose and can result in ______________ effects. A. imperceptible B. inconsequential C. negligible D. cumulative

D. cumulative

Some users who wanted to smoke cocaine used to convert cocaine hydrochloride into _____ by extracting it into a volatile organic solvent, such as ether. Multiple choice question. A. coca paste B. nicotine C. cocaethylene D. freebase

D. freebase

In the context of the transportation of a drug through the blood, alcohol exists in the bloodstream primarily in the unbound form because it ________________. A. is detected as a foreign substance by the body in high doses B. lowers the bone marrow's ability to produce platelets C. is soluble in fat and not in water D. has a low affinity for binding with plasma protein in the blood

D. has a low affinity for binding with plasma in the blood

The usual way to obtain a prolonged effect of a drug is to take an additional dose when the first dose ________________. A. has gradual effects B. is yet to reach its maximum concentration C. is yet to be metabolized by the liver D. has started to decline

D. has started to decline

A feature of the brain that has important implications for the effects of some psychoactive drugs on the brain is that only _________ molecules of substances that can dissolve in oils or fat enter the brain. A. hydrophilic B. lipophobic C. hydrophobic D. lipophilic

D. lipophilic

The liver enzymes can increase the elimination of a drug by changing its molecules to a more water-soluble and less lipid-soluble form because the more lipid-soluble the molecules of a drug are, the _____________. A. less likely they are to be metabolized B. less likely they are to have serious side effects C. more likely they are to induce prolonged effects D. more likely they are to be reabsorbed

D. more likely they are to be reabsorbed

Sigmund Freud proposed the benefits of using cocaine in treating ____________ dependence. A. marijuana B. alcohol C. nicotine D. morphine

D. morphine

The drug-metabolizing activity of the CYP450 enzymes in the liver typically returns to normal when the induced drug is ______________. A. administered repeatedly B. not blocked from its absorption C. transported through the blood D. no longer being taken

D. no longer being taken

During the 1960s, physicians used injectable amphetamines to treat ____________. A. malnutrition B. anorexia C. ataxia D. obesity

D. obesity

In severe cases, chronic toxicity of cocaine can result in a full-blown ____________, in which an individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations. A. bulimia nervosa B. diabetes millitus C. eating disorder D. paranoid psychosis

D. paranoid psychosis

In the United States, Dr. W.S. Halsted, who was later referred to as the father of modern surgery, experimented with the ability of cocaine to _____________. A. treat bulimia nervosa B. treat diabetes mellitus C. produce hallucinogenic effects D. produce local anesthesia

D. produce local anesthesia

True or false: According to studies, paranoid psychosis after high-dose IV use of amphetamine is primarily the result of the personality predisposition of a user. True false question. True False

False

True or false: Nicotine is much more effective when swallowed than when inhaled.

False

Identify a consequence of limited amphetamine availability due to tightened controls on legally manufactured amphetamines during the 1970s.

Increase in the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine

Identify a consequence of limited amphetamine availability due to tightened controls on legally manufactured amphetamines during the 1970s. Multiple choice question. Decreased production of antidepressants Increase in the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine Increase in the use of amphetamine with heroin to get the effects of cocaine Decreased production of hallucinogens

Increase in the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine

Identify an accurate statement about the molecular structure of methamphetamine. Multiple choice question. It has many similarities with the molecular structure of acetylcholine. It has no similarities with the molecular structure of amphetamine. It enables quick excretion of methamphetamine from the body. It has a methyl group added to the basic amphetamine structure.

It has a methyl group added to the basic amphetamine structure.

Identify a true statement about cocaethylene.

It is less potent than cocaine in terms of its cardiovascular effects in humans.

Identify a true statement about the cell membrane of a neuron.

It is semipermeable

Identify the characteristics of withdrawal syndrome of opioids.

Profuse sweating Diarrhea Cramps Chills

Identify a consequence of acute cocaine poisoning. Multiple choice question. Respiratory arrest Lower blood pressure Lowered CNS stimulation Hypersomnia

Respiratory arrest

The evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of amphetamines and _____ in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, shows that these medications increase brain catecholamine activity. Multiple choice question. Prozac Ambien Ritalin Valium

Ritalin

Identify a possible reason for paranoid psychosis in an heavy amphetamine user.

The psychosis results from dopaminergic stimulation

Identify a possible reason for paranoid psychosis in an heavy amphetamine user. Multiple choice question. The psychosis occurs due to increased serotonin activity. The psychosis results from dopaminergic stimulation. The user typically expresses repressed emotions. The user typically has passive-aggressive personality.

The psychosis results from dopaminergic stimulation.

Identify an advantage of using amphetamines in the treatment of depression. Multiple choice question. They have a lower abuse potential compared with standard antidepressant medications. Their anesthetic effects are more effective than that of cocaine. They tend to decrease the activity of serotonin. Their antidepressant effects occur rapidly compared with standard antidepressant medications.

Their antidepressant effects occur rapidly compared with standard antidepressant medications.

Identify a true statement about the effects of plant-produced chemicals.

These chemicals produce useful effects in controlled doses.

True or false: In response to concerns about cocaine, President Ronald Reagan issued a proclamation designating October 1986 as Crack/Cocaine Awareness Month, and Congress passed the Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1986. True false question. True False

True

True or false: The chemistry of the drug molecules determines if some drugs act quickly and others more slowly.

True

True or false: The use of cocaine during pregnancy is not recommended because it increases the risk for a torn placenta.

True

True or false: Today, amphetamines are still used in the treatment of depression but mostly as an adjunctive therapy.

True

True or false: Topical application of some drugs to the skin can provide a slow, steady absorption over many hours.

True

generic

a name that specifies a particular chemical but not a particular brand

coca

a bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine

cocaethylene

a chemical formed when ethanol and cocaine are co-administered

coca paste

a crude extract containing cocaine in a smokable form

narcolepsy

a disease that causes people to fall asleep suddenly

sympathomimetic

a drug that stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

dose-response curve

a graph comparing the size of response to the amount of drug

Adderall (combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine)

a medication used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy

freebase

a method of preparing cocaine as a chemical base so that it can be smoked

methylphenidate

a stimulant used in treating ADHD

crack

a street name for a simple and stable preparation of cocaine base for smoking

ephedrine

a sympathomimetic drug used in treating asthma

amphetamine

a synthetic CNS stimulant and sympathomimetic

adjunctive therapy

a treatment used together with the primary treatment, Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment.

Ephedrine, an active ingredient in an herb called ma huang in China, is similar in structure to _____. Multiple choice question. amphetamine cocaine marijuana antidepressants

amphetamine

The best available treatment for narcolepsy seems to be to keep the patient awake during the day with _____. Multiple choice question. cocaine alcohol hallucinogens amphetamines

amphetamines

racial discrimination

an action that results in unjust or unfair treatment of persons from a specific racial group

double-blind procedure

an experiment in which neither the doctor nor the patient knows which drug is being used

placebo

an inactive drug

rock

another name for crack

Amphetamines are used to treat symptoms of _____. Multiple choice question. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder bipolar disorder narcissistic personality disorder paranoid personality disorder

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Amphetamine intoxication at higher doses, especially administered for extended periods, can cause a user to _____. Multiple choice question. become suspicious to the point of paranoia display decreased attention-seeking behavior show decreased feelings of power and capability experience insomnia and bulimia nervosa

become suspicious to the point of paranoia

During the 1970s, methamphetamine was illicitly manufactured. This kind of methamphetamine was called _____. Multiple choice question. speed crack crank ecstasy

crank

During the 1950s and early 1960s, amphetamines were the treatment of choice for _____. Multiple choice question. narcissistic personality disorder depression and fatigue antisocial personality disorder schizophrenia and paranoia

depression and fatigue

In the context of the action mechanism of amphetamines, studies on laboratory animals implicate _____ in mediating amphetamine-related reinforcement. Multiple choice question. dopamine acetylcholine glutamate serotonin

dopamine

There is a notable likeness between the molecular structures of the catecholamine neurotransmitter _____ and the basic amphetamine molecule. Multiple choice question. melatonin glutamate acetylcholine dopamine

dopamine

safety margin

dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest toxic dose

prodrugs

drugs that are inactive until acted on by enzymes in the body

ED50

effective dose for half of the animals tested

cumulative effects

effects of giving multiple doses of the same drug

After World War II, it was discovered that injecting amphetamines along with _____ can get effects similar to that of cocaine. Multiple choice question. hashish nicotine heroin marijuana

heroin

active metabolites

metabolites that have drug actions of their own

Amphetamines are used to treat symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder because they _____. Multiple choice question. tend to increase levels of activity in children improve concentration in hyperactive people produce changes in a person's perception of his or her body tend to induce slow reaction times in adults

improve concentration in hyperactive people

A consequence of using cocaine during pregnancy is that it _____. Multiple choice question. increases the risk for spontaneous abortion increases the likelihood of a Caesarean section during delivery reduces the likelihood of an infant facing withdrawal after birth reduces the risk of a torn placenta during delivery

increases the risk for spontaneous abortion

intravenous (IV)

injection directly into a vein

intramuscular

injection into a muscle

subcutaneous

injection under the skin

After 1884, the use of cocaine as an anesthetic drug gained popularity because _____. Multiple choice question. it was thought as a safe and effective drug amphetamine was not available amphetamine was often used with heroin it did not produce any CNS stimulation

it was thought as a safe and effective drug

LD50

lethal dose for half of the animals tested

potency

measured by the amount of drug required to produce an effect

The wake-promoting effect of amphetamine is the reason for its use in treating _____, a condition in which an individual spontaneously falls asleep as many as 50 times a day. Multiple choice question. insomnia sleep apnea sleep paralysis narcolepsy

narcolepsy

During the 1960s, physicians used injectable amphetamines to treat _____. Multiple choice question. ataxia anorexia obesity malnutrition

obesity

During the 1960s, hospital emergency rooms sometimes used methamphetamine in the liquid form to stimulate respiration in patients suffering from _____. Multiple choice question. overdose of sleeping pills diabetes mellitus and arthritis pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis overdose of nicotine

overdose of sleeping pills

When the potential for misuse of cocaine as an anesthetic drug became clear during the 19th century, _____, a synthetic agent with similar characteristics, was discovered in 1905. Multiple choice question. nicotine crack cocaine procaine cocaine hydrochloride

procaine

After prolonged daily cocaine administration in animals, many scientists during the 1970s concluded that cocaine _____. Multiple choice question. causes no effects resembling that of amphetamine produces no physical dependence is linked to obvious withdrawal symptoms is a strong, addictive drug

produces no physical dependence

therapeutic index (TI)

ration of LD50 to ED50

According to studies, use of amphetamines and methylphenidate helps in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, by _____. Multiple choice question. inhibiting norepinephrine and dopamine activity blocking the release of acetylcholine reversing catecholamine-associated deficits decreasing brain catecholamine activity

reversing catecholamine-associated deficits

When it was discovered that amphetamine injected with heroin has an effect similar to that of cocaine after World War II, amphetamines came to be known as _____ by a small drug underground that used heroin intravenously. Multiple choice question. speed crank ecstasy crack

speed

Ephedrine is often called a sympathomimetic drug because it _____. Multiple choice question. stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is a bridge between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems does not affect the functioning of neurotransmitters does not have any effect on elevating blood pressure levels

stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

Amphetamines increase the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters by _____. Multiple choice question. mimicking the effects of these neurotransmitters preventing the neurotransmitters from acting on the receptors stimulating the release of these neurotransmitters exerting its effects directly on the receptor

stimulating the release of these neurotransmitters

crank

street name for illicitly manufactured methamphetamine

1914 Harrison Act

taxed importation and sale of coca and cocaine as well as opium

lipid solubility

tendency of a chemical to dissolve in fat, as opposed to in water

cocaine

the active chemical in the coca plant

pharmacodynamic tolerance

tolerance caused by altered nervous system sensitivity

behavioral tolerance

tolerance caused by learned adaptation to the drug

drug disposition tolerance

tolerance caused by more rapid elimination of the drug

comatose

unconscious and unable to be aroused

ataxia

uncoordinated walking

side effects

unintended effects that accompany therapeutic effects