Ch.5: Tables

ceruminous cerumen

___________ glands housed within the external ear canal are modified sweat glands; they produce a waxy product called ____________

apocrine

___________ sweat glands produce a thick secretion that becomes odorous after exposure to bacteria on the skin surface

sebaceous

____________ glands discharge an oily sebum into hair follicles by holocrine secretion

vasoconstriction

____________ of dermal blood vessels causes decreased circulation to the skin & a corresponding conservation of heat in the blood

primary secondary

a __________ mammary bud develops as an epidermal outgrowth in the underlying dermis each bud branches to form _________ mammary buds

hematoma

a bruise (visible pool of clotted blood) is observable through the skin - usually due to trauma; also may be indicative of hemophilia or a nutritional or metabolic disorder

impetigo

a contagious, pus-forming bacterial infection of the skin; fluid-filled vesicles form & then rupture, forming a yellow crust

athlete's foot

a fungal infection of the skin, especially between the toes; causes itching, redness, & peeling - also known as tinea pedis

wart

a growth of epidermal cells that forms a roughened projection from the surface of the skin; caused by human papillomavirus

epidermal dendritic cell

a phagocytic cell (active in immune response)

shingles

a skin rash characterized by blisters on red base with burning pain; caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox; after someone has had chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body, associated with parts of the nervous system; emotional stress, immune deficiency, or cancer can reactivate the virus to cause this

blister

a thin-walled, fluid-filled sac either internal to or within the epidermis; caused by a burn or by excessive friction

sebaceous gland

associated with hair follicles - produce lipid material called sebum, which coats epidermis & shaft of hair; provide lubrication & antibacterial activity

stratum basale

both types of glands (sebaceous & sweat) originate from the _________ ________ of the epidermis

mammary glands

breasts - milk to nourish offspring

aging

changes to the skin due to ___________ include slower regeneration & repair, decreased numbers of collagen fibers & melanocytes, diminished immune responsiveness & sweat production, & increased dryness

rosacea

chronic skin disorder that results in redness & small, red, pus-filled bumps or pustules, mainly on the face the cause remains unknown but evidence indicates heredity & environmental factors are to blame

blood vessels sensory nerve endings muscular tissue

components of the dermis include __________ _________, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, ___________ ___________ _________, & _________ ____________

integument

composed of epidermis & dermis

hypodermis

deep to the dermis is the subcutaneous layer, or ______________, which is not part of the integumentary system

reticular layer

dense irregular connective tissue

apocrine sweat gland

distributed in axillary, anal, areolar, & pubic regions - produce viscous, complex secretion; secretion influenced by hormones; may act in signaling/communication

merocrine sweat gland

distributed throughout body, except external genitalia, nipples, & lips; especially prevalent of palms, soles, & forehead - produce non-viscous, watery secretion; controlled by nervous system; provide some antibacterial protection; function in thermoregulation & excretion; flush surface of epidermis

epidermis & dermis

epidermal ridges interdigitate with dermal papillae at the boundary between the __________ & _________ to interlock these layers & increase the area of contact between them

hives

eruption of reddish, raised areas on the skin, usually accompanied by extreme itching; causes include certain foods, specific drugs, or stress

albinism

hair is white, skin is pale, irises of eyes are pink - lack of melanin production; inherited recessive condition in which enzyme needed to synthesize melanin is nonfunctional, so melanocytes cannot produce melanin

pruritis

irritating, itching condition of the skin that may be caused by infection of exposure to various irritants, such as chemicals, cleaning solutions, or mites

subcutaneous layer

layer deep to dermis

cleavage

lines of __________ in the skin indicate the predominant direction of the underlying bundles of collagen fibers

keratinocytes

most numerous epidermal cell

corneum

nails are formed from stratum _________; they protect the exposed distal tips of the fingers and toes

nail fields

nails form from thickened epithelial ridges called ________ _________

eczema

noncontagious skin inflammation often characterized by itchy, red vesicles that may be scaly or crusty

hemoglobin

normal skin color is a result of a combination of ____________ in the blood of the dermis & variable quantities of the pigments melanin & carotene

melanocytes

pigment-forming cells

striae

skin stretching due to weight gain or pregnancy causes stretch marks, called _________

cold sore

small, fluid-filled blister that is sensitive & painful to the touch; associated with the lips & the mucosa of the oral cavity; caused by herpes simplex type 1 virus, which infects nerve cells that supply the skin - fever blister

arrector pilli

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle

periderm

surface ectoderm forms a covering called _______ & an underlying basal layer

apocrine glands

the sweat glands that communicate with skin surfaces throughout the body, producing a secretion that is primarily water, are:

vasodilation

__________ of dermal blood vessels causes increased circulation to the skin & loss of excess heat

apocrine & merocrine sweat glands

2 types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands

merocrine

__________ sweat glands produce a thin, watery secretion called sweat (sensible perspiration)

hair follicles

_________ __________ form from hair buds that differentiate into hair bulbs, hair papillae, & sebaceous glands

bronzing

skin appears golden-brown, copper, or bronze in color - glucocorticoid hormone deficiency in the adrenal cortex; addison disease

squamous cell carcinoma

- arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum - lesions usually appear on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand - early lesions are raised, reddened, scaly; later lesions form concave ulcers with elevated edges - treated by early detection & surgical removal of lesion - may metastasize to other parts of the body

basal cell carcinoma

- most common type of skin cancer - least dangerous type because it seldom metastasizes - originates in stratum basale - 1st appears as small, shiny elevation that enlarges & develops central depression with pearly edge - usually occurs on face - treated by surgical removal of lesion

malignant melanoma

- most deadly type of skin cancer due to aggressive growth & metastasis - arises from melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole - individuals at increased risk include those who have severe sunburns, especially as children - characterized by change in mole diameter, color, shape of border, & symmetry - survival rates improved by early detection & surgical removal of lesion - advanced cases (metastasis of disease) are difficult to cure & are treated with chemotherapy, interferon therapy, & radiation therapy

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, & epidermal dendritic cells

4 distinct cell types occur within the epidermis:

A = one-half of a mole or birthmark does not match other B = edges are notched, irregular, blurred, or ragged C = color is not uniform; differing shades (usually brown/black, sometimes patches of white/blue/red) D = affected area is larger than 6 mm or is growing E = change in the size, shape, or color of mole; or change in symptoms, how the mole feels (itchy/tender), or what happens on the surface of a mole (especially bleeding)

ABCDE Rule: A - asymmetry --> B - border --> C - color --> D - diameter --> E - evolving -->

thermoregulation

hair functions include protection, thermoregulation, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, & dispersal of pheromones

areolar & adipose

the subcutaneous layer consists of _________ connective tissue & __________ connective tissue

hairs

_________ project beyond the skin surface almost everywhere except over the palms of the hands, the sides & soles of the feet, the lips, the sides of the fingers & toes, & portions of the external genitalia

UV rays

_____ ______ from the sun pose the greatest risk for this most common type of cancer

mammary

________ glands are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce milk to nourish a newborn infant

keloid

excess scar tissue caused by collagen formation during healing; often painful & tender

ceruminous glands

external acoustic meatus - secretes cerumen

keratin

fibrous protein in epidermis

dandruff

flaking of the epidermis of the scalp, resulting in white or gray scales in the hair

fingernails

formed from stratum corneum

tactile cells

receptor for touch

graft

severe damage to the dermis & accessory structures of the skin cannot be repaired often, fibrous scar tissue forms, and a ________ is required

jaundice

skin & sclera (white of eyes) appear yellowish - elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood; often occurs when normal liver function is disrupted, & in premature infants whose liver function is not yet sufficient

erythema

skin appears abnormally red - exercise, sunburn, excess heat, emotions (anger/embarrassment) resulting in increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels in the dermis

pallor

skin appears ashen, pale due to white collagen fibers housed within the dermis - decreased blood flow to the skin; occurs as a result of low blood pressure, cold temperature, emotional stress, severe anemia, or circulatory shock

cyanosis

skin appears bluish as a result of oxygen deficiency in circulating blood - airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest; also results from exposure to cold weather of from cardiac arrest with slow blood flow

reticular

the ________ layer lies deep to the papillary layer; it consists of dense irregular connective tissue

stratum basale

the _________ __________ is a single cell layer of stem cells adjacent to the basement membrane, separating the epidermis from the dermis

stratum granulosum

the _________ ____________ is composed of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes the process of keratinization begins here

papillary

the _________ layer is composed of areolar connective tissue

stratum lucidium

the ___________ _______________ is a thin, translucent layer of anucleate cells superficial to the stratum granulosum; it occurs only in the think skin of the palms & soles of feet

stratum corneum

the ____________ ____________ has numerous layer of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells

integument

the _____________ is the body's largest organ

matrix cells

the cells in a hair follicle that are responsible for forming hair are the:

mesoderm

the dermis is derived from the __________

ectoderm

the epidermis is derived from the ____________

epidermis dermis

the integument contains a superficial, stratified squamous epithelium called the ___________ and a deeper, dense irregular connective tissue layer called the ___________

secretion

the integument's functions include providing mechanical protection & a physical barrier, preventing water gain & water loss & microbial invasion, regulating temperature, aiding metabolism, contributing to immune defense, perceiving sensations, & excreting wastes through ______________

(integument) (nails, hair, sweat glands, & sebaceous glands)

the integumentary system consists of the skin (_____________) and its derivatives (______, _______, ______ ______, & _______ ___________)

periderm

the layer of squamous epithelium that forms by the 7th week of development to give rise to the integument is the

stratum granulosum

the layer of the epidermis in which cells begin the process of keratinization is the:

derivatives

the nails, hair, & exocrine glands of the skin are known as epidermal ______________, or epidermal appendages, of the integument

desmosomes

the stratum spinosum contains multiple layer of keratinocytes attached together by _____________

insensible perspiration

water loss die to evaporation of interstitial fluid through the surface of the skin is termed ___________ _____________

stores calcium in the dermis

what is not a function of the integument?

melanin is a pigment that accumulates inside keratinocytes

what is true about melanin & melanocytes

reticular layer of dermis; stratified squamous epithelium

what layer is correctly matched with the tissue that forms it?

tactile cell

which epidermal cell type is responsible for detecting touch sensations?

the are located in the dermis

which statement is false about sebaceous glands?