ch7

Our memory for how to do things is called __________. semantic memory explicit memory mnemonic memory procedural memory

procedural memory

Suggested Memory Technique

procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

connective synchrony

One of three malleus processes. In the same area as the anterior process, but is directed laterally and attaches to the upper portion of the TM.

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

semantic memory

general knowledge

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

eidetic memory

photographic memory

ZAK, BOL, GID, YAF, and other nonsense syllables were used in some of the earliest studies of memory, conducted by __________. Herman von Helmholtz Arnold Swanson Martin Barre Hermann Ebbinghaus

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Schemas (Piaget)

mental frameworks that shape and are shaped by our experience

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen? 25 percent 67 percent 10 percent 32 percent

25%

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds. Echoic memory Eidetic memory Iconic memory Recovered memory

Echoic memory

Which of the following statements is true? It is nearly impossible to implant a false memory in a person, unless the person is high in suggestibility. It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible. Recovering repressed memories is like rewinding a videorecording of one's life events. It is easier to implant a false memory from the recent past than a false memory from the distant past.

It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible.

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease? Older memories are more easily corrupted, whereas recent memories remain intact. Short-term memory disappears within a month of diagnosis. Memory loss is random, haphazard, and unpredictable. Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go.

Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go.

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________. decay; interference substitution; migration reversal; proaction intrusion; obstruction

decay; interference

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but cannot pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because __________. it was identified by the research team of Tattinger, Osprey, and Thomas it primarily happens to very young children or "tots" TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue" TOT stands for Too Old to Think

TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue"

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information? depth of processing chunking elaborative rehearsal the Magic Number technique

chunking

method of loci (memory palace)

consists of associating items you want to remember with physical locations

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________. levels of processing a mnemonic device distributed study elaborative rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________. psychologists forensic specialists eyewitnesses prosecutors

eyewitnesses

lthough it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past, __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia. retrograde amnesia anterograde amnesia infantile amnesia generalized amnesia

generalized amnesia

meta-memory

knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time, and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________. long-term potentiation elaborative rehearsal lateral processing connective synchrony

long-term potentiation

generalized amnesia

loss of memory of all personal information, including identity

episodic memory

memory for one's personal past experiences

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________. active reconstruction representative heuristic memory illusion paradoxical memory

memory illusion

Over time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term used to describe this is __________. habituation learning comprehension meta-memory

meta-memory

Dee Dee has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on? means-end analysis method of loci pegword technique keyword technique

method of loci

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

When we have encountered a stimulus before, we are able to identify it more quickly and easily. The term for this subtype of implicit memory is __________. priming sensitization habituation conditioning

priming

George Sperling's partial report method studies from the 1960's demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in __________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory. sensory memory explicit memory semantic memory episodic memory

sensory memory

When we are not sure where a memory really came from ("Did it actually happen? Or was it all a dream?") we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called __________. cryptomnesia initial recollection considered recollection source monitoring

source monitoring

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Which of the following describes the term "schema"? an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory the process of getting information into our memory banks the process of keeping information in memory a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory

mnemonic memory

any type of technique used to remember information

echoic memory (sensory memory)

auditory sensory memory, retained for several seconds

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves. misinformation effect monitoring failure suggested memory cryptomnesia

cryptomnesia

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________. retrieval, recall, and relearning recall, recognition, and relearning recall, retrieval, and reconstruction relearning, receptivity, and retrieval

recall, recognition, and relearning

Which of the following is one of the three processes of memory? pegword schema literacy retrieval

retrieval

Although using __________ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situations. schemas interpretive expectations storage menus disambiguation tables

schemas

elaborative rehearsal

the linking of new information to material that is already known

Retrieval

the process of getting info out of memory storage

explicit memory

the system underlying conscious memories

depth of processing

type of attention applied to words during encoding

cryptomnesia

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others

iconic memory (sensory memory)

very brief memory for things we see