CH9

What is a digital rectal exam (DRE)?

Palpation of the rectum and prostate gland with a gloved finger

Hepatitis E

Similar to Hepatitis A; more common in underdeveloped countries

periodontists

Specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

What are some of the functions of the tongue?

Stimulate the sense of taste by way of papillae on its surface Position food between the teeth for chewing

Which three of the following represent the paired salivary glands?

Submandibular Sublingual Parotid

Proteins must be completely broken down into individual _____ _____ in order to be absorbed.

amino acids

A chronic, irreversible liver disease in which normal cells are replaced with fibrous scar tissue is _____.

cirrhosis

The structure formed by the union of the hepatic duct and cystic duct is the _____ _____ duct.

common bile

The majority of a tooth is composed of _____ which is covered by an outer layer of ______.

dentine enamel

The muscular tube that transports a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach is the _____.

esophagus

A "stomach bug" that causes acute, severe diarrhea and/or vomiting is

gastroenteritis

Simple sugars that are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi are transported to the liver in the

hepatic portal vein

gingivitis

infection of the gums

The selective intake of food into the mouth is called

ingestion

The endocrine secretions of the pancreas are

insulin hormones glucagon

The first site involved in mechanical and chemical digestion is the

mouth

The practitioners most directly involved in promoting healthy eating are _____ and _____

nutritionists; dietitians

The spongy gland located behind the stomach that has both exocrine and endocrine functions is the _____.

pancreas

The waves of smooth muscle contraction that move the bolus of food downward in the esophagus are called ______.

peristalsis

The dentine (dentin) of an adult tooth surrounds a central _____ _____, where blood vessels and nerves are found.

pulp cavity

The S-shaped segment of the large intestine that lies between the descending colon and the rectum is the _____ _____

sigmoid colon

Most water and nutrients are absorbed in the _____.

small intestine

Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers that occur in the _____.

stomach

Deglutition is the process of ______ . It is accomplished by alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction called _____.

swallowing; peristalsis

Which of the following is NOT a function of the gallbladder?

synthesis of bile

The calcified deposits at the margin of the teeth along the gums is ______.

tartar

The cecum is

the blind-ended pouch that is the first segment of the large intestine.

dental plaque

Collection of microorganisms on the teeth

periodontitis

Gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected

pepsinogen

Inactive form of pepsin secreted by chief cells

pyorrhea

Infection of gums with pus-like discharge

At the lower end of the esophagus, the ______ ______ relaxes to allow the bolus to enter the stomach.

cardiac sphincter

The term that means pertaining to the cecum is _____.

cecal

An autoimmune disorder in which gluten must be avoided is

celiac disease

Identify the functions of saliva.

It moistens the food to make it easier to swallow. It begins the chemical digestion of starch and fat.

Hepatitis C

Most commonly occurring bloodborne virus in the USA; transmitted through contaminated needles

proctologists

Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus

gastroenterologists

Physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the stomach and intestines

dentists

Practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex

nutritionists

Professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating

Select the statements that are correct regarding protein digestion.

Proteins are broken down into single units called amino acids. Amino acids absorbed from the digestive tract can be used to build new tissues. Some of the enzymes that digest protein are secreted by the pancreas

Inflammation of the stomach lining is _____. It can be caused by NSAIDS, alcohol, and smoking.

gastritis

The root in the term inhibitor means

repress

laxative

An oral agent that promotes the expulsion of feces.

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

Bile synthesis and secretion Storage of glucose as glycogen

intrinsic factor

Binds vitamin B12 so that it can be absorbed in the small intestines

Hepatitis D

Can occur with Hepatitis B, making the infection worse

cirrhosis

Chronic, irreversible disease that replaces normal liver tissue with hard, fibrous scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcoholism

Which of the following is NOT an imaging technique used to diagnose GI tract disorders?

Digital rectal exam

antihistamine

Drug that can be used to treat allergic symptoms or prevent vomiting.

antidiarrheal

Drug that prevents abnormally frequent and loose stools.

cannabinoid

A group of chemical compounds, some of which increase appetite and others treat nausea and vomiting.

gastrin

A hormone that stimulates gastric motility and secretion

HCl (hydrochloric acid)

Acid that converts pepsinogen to pepsin, activates gastric lipase, and breaks down tough tissue in ingested food

pepsin

Active enzyme that starts protein digestion

antiemetic

Agent that prevents vomiting.

The tube that leads from the mouth to the anus is the

alimentary canal

dietitian

Managers of food services who promote healthy eating

Identify the two major subdivisions of the digestive system.

The accessory organs The alimentary canal

dental caries

Tooth decay and cavity formation

Hepatitis A

Virus transmitted by contaminated food.

Hepatitis B

Virus transmitted by exposure to infected body fluids (blood, semen, and saliva) or sharing contaminated needles

The role of the accessory organs of digestion is to:

assist in digestion by secreting enzymes and other chemical substances. mechanically break down food as it passes through them.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is used to diagnose and treat problems of the

bilary ductal system

The hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted into the _____.

blood

Angiography uses contrast dye to highlight which structure(s)?

blood vessels

The large intestine is named for its

diameter

The word "small" in the term small intestines refers to this organ's

diameter

When diverticula become inflamed and infected, this is called _____.

diverticulitis

Bleeding from the small intestine is usually caused by a(n) _____.

duodenal ulcer

Fatty acids and monoglycerides are taken up by _____ (lymphatic vessels) in the _____of the small intestines.

lacteals; villi

If you do not produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, you may develop _____ _____

lactose intolerance

The procedure that uses a thin, lighted tube inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall to examine abdominopelvic organs is called _____.

laparoscopy

Lipids (fats) enter the duodenum and small intestine as _____ _____. These have to be emulsified by the bile salts into smaller droplets.

large globules

The largest internal organ in the human body is the

liver

mucus

lubricates and protects stomach walls

An extensive inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine's lining that causes bloody diarrhea, crampy pain, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance is _____.

ulcerative colitis

Finger-like projections of the small intestine that contain blood vessels and are covered with absorptive cells are _____

villi

Which nutrient cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor?

vitamin B12