Ch.9 Defining human intelligence

Describe the general results of research investigating the role of genes in intelligence

Studies of twins demonstrate intelligence is partially heredity. intell igence is approximately 50 percent heritable but this is an average for the population as a whole. whole. the importance changes across the lifespan: they are mele more important contributors to intelligend into adulthood. genes code area in the brain, as that is most active take IQ tests. genes code for a central nervous system that responds more quickly in , or one allows for better metacognitive thinking in intelligent people,

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Stunted growth and intellectual disability caused by an insufficient supply of thyroid hormone. In some parts of the world, this disorder is caused by a lack of iodine in the diet

If our grandparei scored an IQ of 100 ?) 50 years ago, they might score as low as about 70 on today's IQ tests. THhis rapid rise in IQ, referred to as the:

The Flynn Effect

what are 4 elements of a good psychometric test ?

Reliability Validity Objectivity standardization

What does SB5 stand for?

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5

What are the 2 tests for aptitudes? How are they different from intelligence tests?

Yes, special aptitude tests, Multiple aptitude tests, Aptitude tests measure a narrower range of abilities than do intelligence tests

Name and describe four characteristics of a good psychometric test

reliable valid objective standardized

eugenics,

selective breeding for desirable characteristics

How does the Weschler Test score their tests?

single overall intelligence (g-factor) score. these tests also have separate scores for performance (nonverbal) intelligence, and verbal intelligence

Men, as a group, performed best on items that require:

spati al visualization and math

Experiential intelligence

specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time

Emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

After middle childhood, how much do Iq scores change?

After middle childhood, IQ scores usually change very little from year to year, with a small, gradual increase until about age 40 and a small, slow decline thereafter

early studies nominated a small number search of specific genes that might be particulary critical called

Candidate genes

intelligence

Capacity for rational thought, purposeful action, and effective adaptation

Cognitive psychologist | David Perkins believes that how smart you are depends on three factors:

Experiential intelligence Reflective intelligence Neural intelligence

An IQ score below 90 indicates intellectual disability. Torf?

False

Only about 6 percent of the population scores above 140 on IQ tests. T or F?

False

What IQ score shows a person :mildly disabled making up 85 percent of all those intellectually disabled and can benefit from fully structured education.

(IQ of 55-70)

People who rate high in emotional intelligence tend to be highly aware of their own feelings and unaware of emotions experienced by others. Tor F?

False

The WAIS-IV is an intelligence test for children. T or f?

False

Many cases of intellectual disability without known organic causes appear to be:

Familial

Test standardization

First it means, establishing standards for administering a and interpreting scores. Second, means finding the norm, or average score.

What IQ score shows a person borderline disabled who cansuccessfully marry or live alone. However, they tend to have difficulties with many of demands of adult life

(IQ 70-85),

What IQ score shows a person profoundly disabled requiring Total care

(IQ below 25).

What IQ score shows a person moderately disabled whileable of mastering basic language and self-help skills becoming self-supporting by working in special, simplified work environments

(IQ of 40-55)

Early childhood education program

A program that provides stimulating intellectual experiences, typically for disadvantaged preschoolers

objective test

A test that gives the same score when different people correct it

What IQ score in Adults is very superior

Above 130

applying reflective intelligence, it is possible to :

develop metacognitive skills.

Which American psychologists quickly saw the value of Alfred Binet's test? What year was it?

BY 1916, Lewis Terman and others at Stanford University had revised it for use in North America.

bell curve (normal distribution)

Bell-shaped curve of scores with a large number in the middle and very few on the high and low ends. That is, most scores fall close to average and very few are found at the extremes

What IQ score in Adults is Intellectually disabled

Below 70

What is the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test?

Binet and an associate created a test made up of "intellectual" questions and problems where they learned which questions an average child could answer each age. By comparing test scores of individual children to average score for their ages, they could tell whether a child was I performing up to his or her potential

Familial intellectual disability

Mild intellectual disability associated with homes that are intellectually, nutritionally, and emotionally impoverished

Savant syndrome

The possession of exceptional mental ability in one or more narrow areas, such as mental arithmetic, calendar calculation, art, or music, by a person of limited general intelligence.

Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)

The presence of a developmental disability, a formal IQ score below 70, and a significant impairment of adaptive behavior.

The Flynn Effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred demanding ever more abstract, 'scientific" skills of its members. discoverer, New Zealand psychologist James Flynn

Speed of processing

The speed with which a person can mentally process information

Working Memory

The working memory part of the SB5 measures the ability to use short-term memory.

IQ Scores and Race

There does not appear to be a single, accurately measurable substance called 'intelligence' or a difference among people and their performance based on skin color

Crystallized intelligence

The ability to solve problems using already acquired knowledge.

Reaction time

The amount of time that a person must look at a stimulus to make a correct judgment about it.

Identifytwo problems associated with the claim that genetic differences between groups explain group-based differences in intelligence

The first problem, there may be substantial differences in the genomes of different racial groups. past research has measured race by: identification using a limited number of options on a form, or obvious characteristics such as skin color. or In reality, genetics are more closely aligned with ancestry + DNA.

Knowledge

The knowledge factor assesses the person's knowledge about a wide range of topics

How do IQ scores relate to success in school, jobs, and other things we do?

differences of unlikely to be helpful in predicting differences between people such as their performance in college.

Using the information imparted by emotional reactions can enhance thinking and decision-making. T or F?

true

Identical twins

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

Women, as a group, performed best on items that require:

verbal ability, vocabulary, and rote learning.

operational definitions

when we're trying to study psychological characteristics that can't be seen, defining those characteristics in terms of observable behaviors

describe some of the challenges associated with defining intelligence

which aptitudes ought to qualify as being central to intelligence, taking into account cultural differences in what it means to be "smart," and the differences in what it means to be silid by selves to be talented.

Defining race in terms of single categories is less accurate than examiningDNA to establish a person's ancestry. Tor F?

True

Diagnoses of intellectual disability incorporate adaptive behavjors as well as IQ scores. T or f?

True

The controversy surroundingintelligence tests comes from past misuses and misinterpretations of the test results. Tor F?

True

males and females do not appear to differ in overall intelligence , T or F?

True

Fraternal twins

Twins conceived from two separate eggs.

twin study

Used To separate the effects of nature and nurture byA comparison of the characteristics of twins who were raised together or separated at birth; used to identify the relative impact of heredity and environment

criterion validity

Validity is usually | demonstrated by comparing test scores to actual performance on Some other measure (or criterion) that is known to assess the construct you're trying to measure.

What is an IQ?

When Stanford-Binet was first used, Intelligence quotient (IQ) Mental age divided by chronological age times 100.

IQ is not the best predictor of success in :

art, music writing, dramatics, science, and leadership.

The g-factor refers to: a. a generic intelligence factor that refers to being" smart" in any domain, including academics, music, and working with mechanical items. b. a general intelligence factor that includes several cognitive domains such as working memory, reasoning, and problem solving. c. a good intelligence factor that includes measures of kindness toward others. d. a gross intelligence factor that is very, very large.

b. a general intelligence factor that includes several cognitive domains such as working memory, reasoning, and problem solving.

The closest similarity in IQs would be observed for : a. parents and their children b. identical twins reared apart c. fraternal twins reared together d. siblings reared together

b. identical twins reared apart

About half of all cases of intellectual disability related to physical disorder These include :

birth injuries (such as lack of oxygen during delivery), and fetal damage (prenatal damage from disease, infection, or drugs, including maternal alcoholism or drug use). Metabolic disorders, genetic abnormalities

How many different types of intelligence did Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences include? a.four b.six c.nine d.twelve

c.nine

At this point in time, genetic research tells us that the IQ gap between different cultures is : a. entirely based on genes, b. entirely based on environmental causes. c. evenly split between genetic and environmental causes. d. Research is not currently able to tellus about the relative importance of genetics and environment.

d. Research is not currently able to tellus about the relative importance of genetics and environment.

Which of the following is not a skill associated with emotional intelligence? a. managing emotions b. using emotions C. perceiving emotions d.minimizing emotions

d. minimizing emotions

Managing Emotions

involves an ability to manage your own emotions and those of others

What IQ score in Adults is Bright normal

110-119

What IQ score in Adults is Superior

120-129

What IQ score shows a person Severely disabled while dependent on care

25-40

Is it ever accurate to describe a machine as "intelligent"?

5. Rule-driven experts ystems may appear"intelligent" within a narrow range of probi em solving. However, they are idiots at everything else. In contrast, machine learning has the potential to produce true intelligence.

What IQ score in Adults is Borderline

70-79

What IQ score in Adults is Dull normal

80-89

What IQ score in Adults is Aver age

90-109

Microcephaly

A disorder in which the head and brain are abnormally small.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A genetic disease that allows phenylpyruvic acid to accumulate in the body. effects children who lack an important enzyme, also linked to very low levels of dopamine.

fragile X Syndrome

A genetic form of intellectual disability caused by a defect in the X chromosome. X syndrome is hereditary. related to a thin, frail-looking area on the X (female) chromosome.

General intelligence test

A test that measures a wide variety of intellectual abilities.

Multiple aptitude test

A test that measures two or more aptitudes. These tests tend to be more like intelligence tests, example the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), the American College Test (ACT)

Special aptitude test

A test to predict a person's likelihood of succeeding in a particular area of work or skill.

Define artificial intelligence, and explain some of the ethical concerns raised by its use

AI) refers to any artificial system that can perform tasks that require intelligence when done by people. Two principal areas of AI research particular human skills are expert systems and machine learning. AI ethical concerns: violations of people's right to privacy privacy, andracial profiling

Hydrocephaly

Abuildup of cerebrospinal fluid within brain

Aptitude

Acapacity for learning certain abilities.

Who created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and where did it originate?

Alfred Binet 1904 France

Who made the original IQ test?

Alred Binet 1904 France

Deviation IQ

An IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group--that is, how far above or below average the person's score is relative to other scores

Metacognitive skills

An ability to manage one's own thinking and problem-solving efforts

Norm

An average score for a designated group of people.

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Any artificial system (often a computer program) that is capable of human-like problem solving or intelligent responding.

Psychometric test

Any measurement of a person's mental functions.

Culture-fair test

Atest (such as an intelligence test) designed to minimize the importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others.

Describe the general results of research investigating the role of the environment in intelligence

Both adoption studies and the Flynn effect strongly suggaest that the environment makes an important contribution to intelligence: research does suggest other advantages may be associated with ECE programs like Head These include higher high school and college graduates, suggesting that even if school-based programming does not improve intelligence, it may affect other characteristics that allow children to persist in school

Explain the need for "culture-fair" intelligence tests

Early tests of intelligence were biased against membe: of other cultural groups, members of minority grous: and people who were poor. The bias stemmed fro questions that tested knowledge not common in these groups and a scoring system that assumed implicith cha: European-American ways of thinking were more "intelligent" than those adopted by other groups.

Understanding Emotions

Emotions contain useful information. For instance, anger is a sign something is wrong

The association between IQ and high-status professional jobs proves that such jobs require more intelligence. T or F?

False

WAIS-IV, SB5, and SAT are all culture-fair intelligence scales. T or F?

False

What happens to a persons IQ after middle age?

Intellectual skills involved in fluid intelligence-- t-slowly decline after middle age. crystallized intelligence can actually increase or, at least, decline very little until older adulthood

Explain how the results of intelligence tests are expressed, and how the scores are distributed in population

Intelligence is expressed as an intelligence quotient (IQ), defined as mental age divided by chronological age and then multiplied by 100. distribution of IQ scores approximates a normal distribution. Modern IQ tests no reported by the test is a deviation IQ.

performance (nonverbal) intelligence

Intelligence measured be solving puzzles, assembling objects, completing pictures, and other nonverbal tasks.

Verbal intelligence

Intelligence measured by answering questions involving vocabulary, general information, arithmetic, and other language- or symbol-oriented tasks.

Define what is meant by the g-factor in intelligence

Intelligence refers to the general capacity (or g-factor) to act purposefully, think rationally, and adapt to the enviornment. g-factorcan be divided into fluid and crystallized intelligence

When do the IQ's of children become reliable?

Knowing a child's IQ at age 11 is a good predictor of his or her IQ later in life

One such psychologist is Howard Gardner of Harvard University. Gardner (2008, 2011) theorizes that there are nine distinctly different kinds of intelligence, including:

Linguistic (language abilities) Logical-mathematical (logic and number abilities) Visual (pictorial abilities) Musical (music abilities) Bodily-kinesthetic (physical abilities) Intrapersonal (self-knowledge) I interpersonal (social abilities) Naturalist (an ability to understand the natural environment) Existential (an ability to understand spirituality and existence

4. Knowing that "intelligence" is defined by most psychologists as a g-factor coordinating a large number of more specific mental abilities, would you predict that human intelligence is controlled by relatively few or relatively many genes?

Most complex human qualities are controlled by many genes (i.e., they are polygenic), each having a small impact on its own. This is definitely true of human intelligence.

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is

Multiple intelligences Howard Gardner's theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability.

Whats system in the body effects intelligence?

Nervous System

Isthe Stanford-Binet the only intelligence test?

No. an alternative is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Fourth Edition WAIS-IV). A version for children is called the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V).

Visual-spatial Processing

People who have strong visual-spatial skills are good at putting picture puzzles together and copying geometric shapes

The Four Elements of Emotional Intelligence

Perceiving Emotions Using Emotions Understanding Emotions Managing Emotions

Explain the difference between general intelligence and aptitude tests

Special aptitude tests and multiple aptitude tests areused to assess a person's capacities for learning various abilities Aptitude tests measure a narrower range of abilities than general intelligence tests do.

Name two well-established intelligence tests, and some of the main cognitive abilities that they test

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Wechsler In telligen ce Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V). .TheSB5, WAIS-IV, and WISC-V measure both verbal and performance intelligence through tests of working memory, quantitativ reasoning, and visual-spatial processing, for example.

Validity

The ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure. in other words it should measure what it claims to measure

Reliability

The ability of a test to yield the same score, or nearly the same score, each time it is given to the same person.

Apply what you know about psychometric tests by placing an R or a V after each operation to indicate whether it would used to establish the reliability (R) or the validity (V) of a test. a. Compare the score on one half of test items to the score on the other half. () b. compare scores on test to grades, performance ratings, or her measures. () c.Comp are scores from the test after administering it on two separate occasions.() d. Compare scores on alternate forms of the test. ( )

a. Compare the score on one half of test items to the score on the other half. ()

3. According to Howard Gardner's theory, which of the following is not measured by traditional IQ tests? a.Interpersonal skills b.spatial skills c.logical skills d.linguistic skills

a.interpersonal Skills

Eugenics laws : a.resulted in forced sterilizations for people deemed intellectually inferior. b. were abolished by 1900. C. were based on IQ testing that was culture-fair. d. All of the above are true.

a.resulted in forced sterilizations for people deemed intellectually inferior.

Fluid intelligence

ability to solve novel problems involving perceptual speed or rapid insight.

Whats are the Group Differences in IQ?

age, sex, and race.

The SB5 primarily is made up of ?

age-ranked questions that get a little harder at each age level. The SB5 is appropriate for people from age 2 to 85+ years.

Reflective intelligence

an ability to become aware of one's own thinking habit

Outline some of the causes of intellectual disability, and name some of the resulting conditions

e result of familial intellectual disability, a low level of educational and intellectual stimulation and poverty and poor nutrition. 50 percent are organic, being caused by birth injuries, fetal damage, metabolic disorders, or genetic abnormalities. C! Six distinct forms of organic intellectual disability are Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, phenylketonuria (PKU), microcephaly, hydrocephaly, and congenital hypothyroidism

Reaction time has been used as a measure of _______________ intelligence

experiential

Most psychologists believe that intelligence is 90 percent hereditary. TOF?

false

Positive emotions may be pleasant, but they tend to limit personal growth and the range of possible actions that we are likely to consider. Tor F?

false

High levels of g involve both:

fluid intelligence crystallized inteligence

The SB5 measures five cognitive factors, or mental abilities, thought to make up general intelligence:

fluid reasoning (roughly related to fluid intelligence), knowledge (roughly related crystallized intelligence), quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

what does the "g" in g-factor stand for?

general (intelligence)

Ways to Measure Intelligence:

general aptitude tests, the Stanford-Binet test, and the Wechsler Scales.

The broadest aptitude measures are

general intelligence tests,

Down syndrome

genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome; results in intellectual disability. Down syndrome is genetic, it is not usually hereditary, can be caused my older age in the maternal side

Outline how gifted individuals are identified, and the outcomes that are typically associated with giftedness

giftedindividuals score above 130 on IQ gifted children often have difficulties in average classrooms and benefit from special accelerated programs.

Mental age

in intelligence testing, the average cognitive ability displayed by people of a given age.

Perceiving Emotions

in yourself (self awareness) and others (empathy)

Outline how people with intellectual disabilities are identified, and the outcomes that are typically associate with this diagnosis

intellectually disabled is those whose IQ falls below 70 and who lack various adaptive behaviors. mild (50-55 to 70) moderate (35-40 to 50-55), severe (20-25 to 35-40), and profound (below 20-25).

Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System

it effects a personsReaction time

quasi-experim ental studies suggested that early childhood education did have benefits, such as:

lower rates of placement in special education classes higher rates of high school graduation self-regulation, problem solving programs allow parents to work improving the families standard of living

While AI intelligence was generally limited by that of their programmers, a new field of artificial intelligence called _____________ Overcome this limitation creating programs that gain information through learning.

machine learning

Quantitative Reasoning

measure a person's ability to solve problems involving numbers.

S). Dutchdevelopmental psychologist Marinus van IJzendoorn carried out two large studies that investigate children who are adopted out of environments characterized by low socioeconomic status. What type of study did he use and what were the results?

meta-analyses, The first 62 studies and 18,000 children, IQ scores of adopted children were, average, 17,6 points higher than those not adopted. The second s inves 800 children in 19 countries adopted of orphanages had IQ 16.5 points higher than those not adopted.

Yesearch dearly demonstrates that academic performance may dep end even more on:

motivation than it does on intelligence

what are the 3 types of test reliability?

person could be tested again a week later to establish test-retest reliability. We also might want to know whether scores on one half of the test items match scores on the other half (split-half reliability). If two versions of a test are available, we could compare scores on one version to scores on the other (equivalent-forms reliability)

Giftedness

possession of either a high IQ or special talents or \ aptitudes.

g-factor

the "g" denotes the idea that it represents a general levell of intelligence.Measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities

Fluid Reasoning

the ability to reason in unfamiliar situations verbally or nonverbally

Neural intelligence

the speed and efficiency of the nervous system

Using Emotions

to enhance thinking and decision making, promote personal growth and improve relationships

The claim that heredity accounts for racial differences in average IQ ignores environmental differences and the cultural bias inherent in standard IQ tests. T or F?

true

If you were to take the SB5, you would be assessing :

your general intelligence (g-factor, or the overall score), verbal intelligence (the score on the verbal questions), nonverbal intelligence (the score on the nonverbal questions), and each of the cognitive factors