Chap 13
Earth's inner core is thought to consist of ________. A) a rigid mass B) superheated water C) sulfur D) magma E) hydrogen/helium gas
A) a rigid mass
Under most of the Earth's land surface, solid rock exists as a buried layer known as ________. A) bedrock B) soil C) an outcrop D) regolith E) sediments
A) bedrock
Which material, accumulated from the remains of plants and animals, can produce limestone? A) calcium carbonate B) slate C) carbon dioxide D) clay E) carbon
A) calcium carbonate
These rock-forming minerals are light-colored or colorless. They are common components of sedimentary rock and frequently combine with oxygen. A) carbonates B) native elements C) sulfates D) oxides E) halides
A) carbonates
The lithosphere is sometimes defined as the ________. A) crust and upper mantle B) asthenosphere and mesosphere C) outer and inner core D) upper and lower mantle E) lower mantle and outer core
A) crust and upper mantle
Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and obsidian are all rocks that are classified as ________. A) igneous and extrusive B) metamorphic and unfoliated C) metamorphic and foliated D) igneous and intrusive E) sedimentary and clastic
A) igneous and extrusive
The most widespread oxides are those that combine oxygen and ________. A) iron B) calcite C) silver D) water E) native elements
A) iron
Sandstone is usually metamorphosed into ________. A) quartzite B) magma C) slate D) limestone E) chalcedony
A) quartzite
The altitudinal difference between the highest and lowest points in an area is known as ________. A) relief B) regolith C) the strata D) landscape E) topography
A) relief
Erosion, compaction, and sedimentation are most closely associated with ________ rocks. A) sedimentary B) basaltic C) intrusive D) metamorphic E) igneous
A) sedimentary
The map of rock distribution in the United States clearly shows ________ rocks are the most extensive type. A) sedimentary B) big C) igneous extrusive D) igneous intrusive E) metamorphic
A) sedimentary
Which of the following describes the vast majority of rock exposed on Earth's land surface? A) sedimentary B) granite C) metamorphic D) foliated E) igneous
A) sedimentary
Shale, sandstone, breccia, and limestone are all rocks that are classified as ________. A) sedimentary and clastic B) metamorphic and foliated C) metamorphic and unfoliated D) igneous and extrusive E) igneous and intrusive
A) sedimentary and clastic
The vast majority of all sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones and ________. A) shales B) diamonds C) magmas D) detritus E) schists
A) shales
The following is found at the base of Earth's crust: A) the Moho B) the mesosophere C) the geosphere D) the outer core E) the inner core
A) the Moho
In the section "An Example of Scale," it is apparent that ________. A) the smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away B) ordinary human experience transcends all the scales C) landform scale has precise definitions in kilometers D) scale is meaningless in landform study E) the largest scale would consider the North American continent
A) the smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away
A strongly metamorphosed rock with narrow foliation is ________. A) basalt B) schist C) gneiss D) limestone E) tufa
B) schist
Which of the following represents the largest and most important group of rock-forming minerals? The bulk of the crust of the Earth is composed of these minerals. A) oxides B) silicates C) native elements D) sulfates E) carbonates
B) silicates
Shale is usually metamorphosed into ________. A) gneiss B) slate C) tufa D) marble E) basalt
B) slate
When magma cools rapidly, it results in ________. A) large crystals B) small crystals C) detritus D) foliation E) earthquakes
B) small crystals
Sedimentary deposits built into relatively regular layers are known as ________. A) intrusive exfoliation B) strata C) granite D) detrital striations E) clastic inclusions
B) strata
Foliation refers to this characteristic of rocks: A) small crystals B) wavy, banded lines C) large crystals D) hollow cores E) numerous joints
B) wavy, banded lines
The chemical binder for many sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, is ________. A) phosphorous B) boron C) calcium carbonate D) basalt E) nitrogen
C) calcium carbonate
Some sedimentary rocks are formed chemically and known as ________. A) magma B) igneous intrusive rocks C) chemical sedimentary rocks D) granites E) basalts
C) chemical sedimentary rocks
The ________ is the thinnest layer. A) mantle B) inner core C) crust D) asthenosphere E) outer core
C) crust
Which of the following is NOT an external geomorphic process? A) deposition B) weathering C) diastrophism D) mass wasting E) erosion D) mass wasting E) erosion
C) diastrophism
Which of the following is the SHORTEST amount of time? A) period B) Earth history C) epoch D) the Precambrian E) era
C) epoch
Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks? A) fragmented parts of preexisting rocks B) cementation C) extrusion of magma D) skeletal remains of coral E) stratification
C) extrusion of magma
Rapid cooling in molten, extrusive materials makes the resulting materials ________. A) dense B) hard C) fine-grained D) large-grained E) soft
C) fine-grained
Granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite are ________ rocks. A) metamorphic foliated B) igneous extrusive C) igneous intrusive D) sedimentary clastic E) sedimentary chemical and organic
C) igneous intrusive
The concept of plate tectonics ________. A) shows the astenosphere is floating on top of plates B) is a theory with few proofs C) is related to faulting and volcanic activity D) would definitely be true if the Earth were far older E) was proven hundreds of years ago
C) is related to faulting and volcanic activity
Marble is metamorphosed ________. A) shale B) gneiss C) limestone D) slate E) schist
C) limestone
Slate, schist, and gneiss are all rocks which are classified as ________. A) metamorphic and unfoliated B) igneous and intrusive C) metamorphic and foliated D) sedimentary and clastic E) igneous and extrusive
C) metamorphic and foliated
The basic elements for an analytical approach to landform development do NOT include which of the following? A) structure B) slope C) normality D) drainage E) process
C) normality
The basic classification of rock types is based on their ________. A) color B) crystal structure C) origin D) petrology E) pH
C) origin
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from ________. A) granite B) oxygen C) pieces of other rocks D) silt E) magma
C) pieces of other rocks
A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through all these methods EXCEPT ________. A) digging mines B) studying seismic waves C) sampling rocks from Earth's core D) studying Earth's magnetism E) drilling wells
C) sampling rocks from Earth's core
In a section of the chapter "Introduction to Landform Study," the authors write about Horseshoe Park in the Colorado Rockies and about looking back at North America from a spacecraft. The point of this is to understand more about ________ and the landscape. A) local relief B) folding C) scale D) volcanoes E) rocks
C) scale
The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is ________. A) quartz B) granite C) schist D) opal E) sandstone
C) schist
The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by ________. A) gravity studies B) lunar cycles C) seismic wave analysis D) computer modeling E) astronomy
C) seismic wave analysis
The most common sedimentary rock is ________. A) marble B) limestone C) shale D) basalt E) sandstone
C) shale
The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is ________. A) quartz B) marble C) slate D) gneiss E) limestone
C) slate
In the formation of igneous rocks, large crystal size is closely related to ________. A) absence of light B) percentage of silica C) slow cooling D) fast cooling E) percentage of oxygen
C) slow cooling
The relief we see today is best thought of as ________. 88) A) not very diverse B) everlasting in terms of Earth history C) temporary D) unexplainable E) a product of internal, rather than external, processes
C) temporary
Which of the following illustrates the concept of "relief"? A) uplift of sediments after erosion of overlying sediments B) the substitution of one subaerial process for another C) the vertical distance between lowest and highest points in an area D) altitude E) the cessation of volcanic activity
C) the vertical distance between lowest and highest points in an area
The viewpoint that past processes are the same as the present ones which created our present land surface is known as ________. A) foliation B) diastrophism C) uniformitarianism D) plate tectonics E) volcanism
C) uniformitarianism
The outer and inner cores together make up approximately ________ of the mass of the Earth. A) 1/3,000 B) 1/30,000 C) 1/300 D) 1/3 E) 1/30 E) 1/30
D) 1/3
The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on ________. A) magnet fields B) oxidation C) foliation D) Earth surface features E) magma intrusions
D) Earth surface features
________ and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores. A) Titanium B) Basalt C) Quartz D) Iron E) Aluminum
D) Iron
Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center? A) mantle B) inner core C) outer core D) Moho E) cust
D) Moho
________ is the detailed knowledge of characteristics of different kinds of rock. A) Tectonics B) Geology C) Seismology D) Petrology E) Metamorphism
D) Petrology
The Pleistocene is a part of the ________ period. A) Cambrian B) Silurian C) Tertiary D) Quaternary E) Permian
D) Quaternary
Isostasy refers to the recognition that the ________ floats on the denser mantle. A) atmosphere B) inner core C) aluminum D) crust E) outer core
D) crust
The main types of erosion processes do NOT include ________. A) solution B) glacial C) aeolian D) diastrophism E) fluvial
D) diastrophism
As they are created, sedimentary rock strata align ________. A) vertically B) along folds C) along faults D) horizontally E) with Earth's magnetic field
D) horizontally
The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form ________. A) last year B) in the 1700s C) in the 1800s D) in the 1960s E) in the 1910s
D) in the 1960s
The "plates" in plate tectonics are in the ________. A) outer core B) inner core C) crust D) lithosphere E) asthenosphere
D) lithosphere
An inner segment of the Earth which is rigid, dense, and solid and lies directly beneath the Moho is called the ________. A) inner core B) outer core C) magma D) mantle E) crust
D) mantle
The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the ________. A) outer core B) inner core C) ocean basins D) mantle E) continents
D) mantle
The thickest of Earth's interior layers is the ________. A) inner core B) crust C) Moho D) mantle E) outer core
D) mantle
During sedimentation, materials are often sorted by ________. A) shape B) color C) porosity D) size E) atomic weight
D) size
Crustal movements of various kinds in the Earth's crust is collectively called ________ activity. A) detrital B) clastic C) metamorphic D) tectonic E) 1st order
D) tectonic
The term "landforms" is synonymous with ________. A) relief B) physical geography C) local relief D) topography E) geology
D) topography
Which of the following is the specific name given to the study of the characteristics of rocks? A) Limnology B) Radiology C) Opthamology D) Epistomology E) Petrology
E) Petrology
The proof for the long-doubted idea of drifting continents came in the form of ________. A) animal distributions B) glacial ice C) understanding of mountains D) observation of coastlines E) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns
E) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns
In terms of Earth history, life appeared ________. A) before the first true "landscapes" B) after 99% of the time had elapsed C) after the continents started to drift D) almost directly after the beginning E) before the Grand Canyon began
E) before the Grand Canyon began
The initial formation of Earth involved the solidification and cooling of ________. A) strata B) sediments C) metamorphic rocks D) ice E) magma
E) magma
When subjected to metamorphism, limestone usually becomes ________. A) basalt B) sandstone C) schist D) gneiss E) marble
E) marble
Consideration of the scale of landform observation means that the aspects of the landscape one observes in a close-up view are different from those observed from a more distant view. True/False
True
Diastrophism is considered a set of internal geomorphic processes. True/False
True
Earth's topography is more varied than that of any known planet. True/False
True
External geomorphic processes are mainly subaerial. True/False
True
Fragmented mineral material is called sediment. True/False
True
Granite is a type of rock which has cooled from magma. True/False
True
Humans have drilled less than one-thousandth of the distance from the surface to the center of the Earth. True/False
True
Igneous rocks apparently make up the bulk of Earth's entire crust. True/False
True
Igneous rocks can be directly derived from the deformation of metamorphic rocks. True/False
True
In general, the slow cooling of molten rock leads to formation of large crystals. True/False
True
In the Earth system, internal and external geomorphic processes act more or less in direct opposition to each other. True/False
True
Isostasy can cause land lifting when groundwater dissolves limestone. True/False
True
Many of the most important ore minerals are sulfides. True/False
True
Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust. True/False
True
Our understanding of the crust and upper mantle has fundamentally improved in the last few decades. True/False
True
Parallel structure, also known as stratification, is a characteristic of most sedimentary rocks. True/False
True
Plate tectonics is another term for lithospheric rearrangement. True/False
True
Plutonic rocks are the same thing as intrusive rocks. True/False
True
Process refers to the analytical element of landscape study which considers the actions that have combined to produce the landform. True/False
True
Scale differences in landform studies are complex and of significance True/False
True
Sedimentary strata are always formed horizontally. True/False
True
Strata are the layers in sedimentary rock. True/False
True
The asthenosphere is the portion of Earth's interior between the lithosphere and lower mantle. True/False
True
The crust under the ocean bottom is thinner than the crust under the continental surface. True/False
True
The mantle is located beneath the Moho. True/False
True
The most widely distributed intrusive rock is granite True/False
True
Whenever soil is present, it makes up the upper portion of the regolith. True/False
True
Like climate and vegetation, landforms have "predictable" worldwide distributions. True/False
False
Metamorphic rocks are probably the most common rock type found in the Earth's crust. True/False
False
Metamorphic rocks must be exposed to sunlight for cementation. True/False
False
Our understanding of the Earth's crust and upper mantle has remained virtually the same for a very long time (a couple of centuries) .True/False
False
Sandstone is the most common metamorphic rock. True/False
False
Sedimentary rocks are the most common rock type found within the Earth's entire crust. True/False
False
Several organic minerals are found in nature. True/False
False
The Earth's crust is a layer of the lithosphere about 1,000 kilometers thick. True/False
False
Sedimentary rocks are the most common bedrock on the continents and comprise about ________ percent of the surface. A) 75 B) 55 C) 25 D) 5 E) 95
A) 75
________ are formed from skeletal remains of coral and other lime-secreting sea animals. A) Limestones B) Schists C) Marbles D) Sandstones E) Shales
A) Limestones
________ have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States? 59) A) Sedimentary rocks B) Metamorphic rocks C) Basaltic rocks D) Intrusive rocks E) Igneous rocks
A) Sedimentary rocks
Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals? A) They can be human-made. B) They all are composed of crystals. C) Each has a regular pattern of atoms. D) They are totally inorganic. E) Each always has the same chemical composition.
A) They can be human-made.
minerals and rocks of the crust? A) a quarter of them B) all of them C) none of them D) three quarters of them E) half of them
A) a quarter of them
The deepest drill core into the Earth's crust is approximately ________ kilometers deep. A) 6,702 B) 12 C) 360 D) 0.5 E) 31
B) 12
The approximate LAND surface of the Earth totals more than ________ square kilometers. A) 15 thousand B) 150 million C) 1.5 billion D) 15 trillion E) 1.5 thousand
B) 150 million
________ is a dark, fine-grained extrusive rock. A) Granite B) Basalt C) Tufa D) Shale E) Conglomerate
B) Basalt
________ is an "internal" process. A) Weathering B) Diastrophism C) Aeolian D) Fluvial E) Mass wasting
B) Diastrophism
Which of the following associations is generally TRUE? A) Internal processes: wearing-down and destructive B) External processes: decrease local relief C) External processes: creative and uplifting D) Internal processes: well understood E) External processes: poorly understood
B) External processes: decrease local relief
________ is an example of a native element. A) Lead B) Gold C) Calcite D) Halite E) Iron
B) Gold
Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral? A) It must be made up of inorganic substances. B) It must have economic value. C) It must have the same chemical composition wherever found. D) It must form a regular pattern of crystals. E) It must be found in nature.
B) It must have economic value.
________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles. A) Sandstone B) Shale C) Basalt D) Limestone E) Granite
B) Shale
The internal processes working on Earth's landscapes are energized by heat inside the Earth; they work without any regard to atmospheric influences. True/False
False
Topography is a synonym for geomorphology. True/False
False
Uniformitarianism is another term for the theory of massive crustal deformation. True/False
False
Uniformitarianism is the study of the interior of the Earth True/False
False
Most processes which shape topography are ________. A) very slow B) very rapid C) unknown D) quite abrupt E) no longer active
A) very slow
Compared to Earth's crust as a whole, the sedimentary rocks beneath the ocean bottoms are ________. A) very thin B) much sandier C) laid down vertically instead of horizontally D) not commonly found E) found almost as deep as is the Moho
A) very thin
By Earth history standards, the Grand Canyon is ________. A) young B) as old as the Earth C) not important D) very old E) becoming a first-order landform
A) young
Life appeared on Earth ________. A) the day before yesterday B) as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history C) after most of Earth's history was already over D) within the last one million years E) very early in Earth's history
B) as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history
Igneous rocks deposited on the surface and then cooled are known as ________. A) intrusive B) extrusive C) detrital D) clastic E) core
B) extrusive
The banding characteristic of metamorphic rocks is ________. A) relief B) foliation C) stratification D) uniformitarianism E) magma
B) foliation
Density ________ depth in the Earth's crust. A) remains largely the same with B) increases with C) is insignificant with D) decreases with E) is not described by any of the above with respect to
B) increases with
The geographer's concern with the Earth's interior ________. A) makes up most of the content of physical geography B) is restricted to its influence on Earth surface features C) is not important D) is mainly concerned with the drilling for natural gas and oil E) created the science of geology
B) is restricted to its influence on Earth surface features
Within the Earth is molten mineral matter called ________. A) extrusive material B) magma C) bedrock D) rock E) soil
B) magma
The ________ is NOT a portion of Earth's interior. A) asthenosphere B) magnetosphere C) lithosphere D) Moho E) outer core
B) magnetosphere
It has been deduced the mantle is composed of ________ concentric layers of various composition and density. A) 9 B) 51 C) 3 D) 153 E) 27
C) 3
The Rocky Mountains started to be uplifted ________ years ago. A) 6.5 billion B) 0.65 million C) 65 million D) 650 million E) 6.5 million
C) 65 million
________ is NOT a direct cause of sedimentary deposits forming into rock. A) Chemical cementation B) Pressure C) Erosion D) Weight of the overburden E) Precipitation of materials from water
C) Erosion
With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE? A) "Mineral" is a synonym for "rock" B) All minerals have probably been discovered C) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust D) Over 500,000 minerals exist E) All minerals crystals are too small to be seen
C) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust
Which is a fundamental question at the heart of any geographic inquiry? A) How often? B) What? C) If so? D) Why? E) So what?
C) If so?
The earliest era in the geologic time scale is ________. A) Archaeozoic B) Mesozoic C) Precambrian D) Cenozoic E) Paleozoic
C) Precambrian
________ refers to the analytical element of landscape study concerned with the nature, arrangement, and orientation of the materials comprising the observed feature(s). A) Isostasy B) Drainage C) Structure D) Slope E) Process
C) Structure
"The present is the key to the past" is the summarization of the doctrine of ________. A) Fundamentalism B) Earth history C) Uniformitarianism D) Precambrian time E) Analogy
C) Uniformitarianism
Limestone is composed primarily of ________. A) cations B) igneous material C) calcite D) tufa E) silt
C) calcite
The Age of Dinosaurs persisted for some ________ years. A) 1.60 billion B) 160 thousand C) 160 D) 160 billion E) 160 million
E) 160 million
The maximum world relief is CLOSEST to ________. A) 1 meter B) 50 kilometers C) 40,000 kilometers D) 1 kilometer E) 20 kilometers
E) 20 kilometers
Approximately ________ different minerals are known. A) 440,000 B) 440 C) 4,400,000 D) 44 E) 4,400
E) 4,400
Earth's age is ________ billion years old. A) .046 B) .46 C) 46 D) 460 E) 4.6
E) 4.6
The present estimate of the Earth's age is about ________ years. A) 2.8 trillion B) 500 million C) 50 million D) 2.8 billion E) 4.6 billion
E) 4.6 billion
The most recent Era on the Earth is ________. A) Miocene B) Eocene C) Permian D) Precambrian E) Cenozoic
E) Cenozoic
"Fracking" is associated with all but the ________. A) making of small earthquakes B) pollution of groundwater C) roc k formations known as plays D) fracturing of rocks E) most oil production from Saudi Arabia
E) most oil production from Saudi Arabia
"Fracking" is most closely associated with ________. A) conventional extraction B) an environmentally safe extraction method C) fossil fuels in sandstones D) oil E) natural gas
E) natural gas
Which of the following is thought to be liquid? A) mantle B) crust C) inner core D) asthenosphere E) outer core
E) outer core
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal categories of rock-forming minerals? A) halides B) sulfides C) oxides D) native elements E) peptides
E) peptides
The most commonly occurring type of metamorphic rocks are gneiss and ________. A) shale B) coal C) limestone D) magma E) schist
E) schist
The largest and most important mineral family consists of the ________. A) bromides B) sulfides C) halides D) oxides E) silicates
E) silicates
Internal forces of the Earth tend to be better understood and more predictable than the external forces of the Earth. True/False
False
A rock is defined as a mixture of elements True/False
False
According to our best estimates, humans (Homo sapiens) have been on Earth for about half of Earth's history. True/False
False
Aeolian processes are a subdivision of the internal geomorphic processes. True/False
False
Basalt is an example of a rock type with very large crystals. True/False
False
Earth is probably 14.6 billion years old. True/False
False
Foliation occurs when rock composed of a single material is subjected to heat and pressure. True/False
False
Hutton was the scientist who discovered catastrophism. True/False
False
