chap 19

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in total peripheral resistance. True False

True

The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading. emotions activity postural changes the vessel selected to palpate

the vessel selected to palpate

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. .tunica externa tunica media tunica intima tunica adventitia

tunica intima

Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure? subendothelial tunica media tunica intima tunica externa

tunica media

Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT ________. urinary output activity of skeletal muscles venous valves pressure changes in the thorax

urinary output

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases

decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance. inversely; inversely inversely; directly directly; inversely directly; directly

directly; inversely

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? increasing stroke volume increasing heart rate rising blood volume falling blood volume all of these

falling blood volume

Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug? increased urine output lower plasma volume greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion decreased blood pressure

greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? hydrostatic and osmotic pressure plasma and formed element concentration hydrostatic pressure only blood volume and viscosity

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

In general, it is expected that ________. hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end

hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

Total peripheral resistance ________. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel increases as blood viscosity increases increases as blood vessel diameter increases

increases as blood viscosity increases

Blood flow to the skin ________. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells increases when environmental temperature rises is controlled mainly by decreasing pH increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze

increases when environmental temperature rises

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. skin temperature the hypothalamic "thermostat" intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms ADH

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. smoking stress kidney disease obesity

kidney disease

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

The beginning of a true capillary is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is controlled by ________. local chemical conditions sympathetic nervous system blood pressure in the metarteriole parasympathetic nervous system

local chemical conditions

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea always fatal

shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? higher total peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure increased risk of developing atherosclerosi slower heart rate and reduced blood flow increased angiogenesis and higher total peripheral resistance

lower heart rate and reduced blood flow

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? liver kidney lungs heart

lungs

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are _________. capillaries elastic arteries arterioles muscular arteries

muscular arteries

In general, it is expected that ________. hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

Which statement best describes arteries? All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. All carry blood away from the heart. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

All carry blood away from the heart.

Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels? Cardiac output will increase. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated. Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction. The cardioacceleratory center of the medulla will be activated.

Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated.

Select the correct statement about blood flow. It is relatively constant through all body organs. It is greatest where resistance is highest. It is measured in mm Hg. Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.

Which of the following contain oxygenated blood? pulmonary veins pulmonary trunk lobar arteries pulmonary arteries

pulmonary veins

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? rapid, thready pulse increased heart rate cold, clammy skin rapidly falling blood pressure

rapidly falling blood pressure

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.

Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. Blood flow to the kidneys increases. The skin will be cold and clammy.

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts. Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels. Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow.

Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. Excess albumin transport protein production would decrease blood pressure.

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. True False

False

Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary wall. True False

False

Which of the following is NOT true regarding fenestrated capillaries? Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood.

Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. It branches off of the inferior vena cava. It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.

It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does NOT describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. It will reduce urine output. It promotes an increase in blood pressure.

It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.

The velocity of blood is slowest in the capillaries and pressure of blood is lowest in the veins. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.

Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? renal regulation chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes baroreceptor-initiated reflexes neural controls

renal regulation

Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure? Pulse pressure is chronically decreased. Pulse pressure is temporarily decreased. Pulse pressure is unaffected by atherosclerosis. Pulse pressure is chronically increased. Pulse pressure is temporarily increased.

Pulse pressure is chronically increased.

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. They distribute blood to various parts of the body. The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

The abdominal aorta splits into which vessels? right and left femoral arteries right and left common carotid arteries right and left subclavian arteries right and left common iliac arteries

right and left common iliac arteries

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. myocardium of the heart left upper arm right side of the head and neck and right upper arm left side of the head and neck

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters? They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole.

They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.

An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart. True False

True

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. True False

True

The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. True False

True

The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole. True False

True

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis. True False

True

The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. True False

True

Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. True False

True

Which of the following would NOT result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide a decrease in local tissue oxygen content a local increase in pH a local increase in histamine

a local increase in pH

The term ductus venosus refers to ________. damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? altering blood volume reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers reflex arcs involving baroreceptors chemoreceptors

altering blood volume

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. muscular arteries pulmonary arteries elastic arteries arterioles

arterioles

The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure? antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide norepinephrine aldosterone

atrial natriuretic peptide

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? angiotensin II antidiuretic hormone (ADH) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) epinephrine

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? blood vessels type blood vessel diameter blood viscosity total blood vessel length

blood vessel diameter

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. capillaries arteries veins arterioles

capillaries

Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue? muscular arteries and arterioles capillaries and venules venules and veins arterioles and capillaries

capillaries and venules

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? a decrease in oxygen levels a decrease in carbon dioxide changes in arterial pressure an increase in oxygen levels

changes in arterial pressure

If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. increases total peripheral resistance increasing vasomotor tone decreased heart rate a weak, thready pulse

decreased heart rate

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT ________. increased damage to blood vessel endothelium increased incidence of coronary artery disease decreased size of the heart muscle increased work of the left ventricle

decreased size of the heart muscle

The influence of blood vessel diameter on total peripheral resistance is ________. significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius the only factor that influences resistance insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. fenestrated sinusoid metarterioles continuous

sinusoid

These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." fenestrations sinusoids anastomoses thoroughfare channels

sinusoids

The velocity of blood flow is ________. in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter

slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? superior vena cava left atrium pulmonary arteries and veins right ventricle

superior vena cava

The pulse pressure is ________. systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Mechanisms that do NOT help regulate blood pressure include ________. renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers the dural sinus reflex chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide

the dural sinus reflex

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure? increased abdominal pressure during breathing skeletal muscle activity constriction of smooth muscle around veins by the sympathetic nervous system venous anastomoses

venous anastomoses

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? 140/90 170/96 110/60 120/80

170/96

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. 150/90 130/80 90/55 120/80

90/55