chap 8
29. The Convention on the Prevention of Genocide was adopted in what year?
1948
45. Which of the following is true of the relationship between environmental issues and conflict?
A majority of empirical studies have found that climate change variables are associated with higher levels of violent conflict.
8. The first global human rights movement was
ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENt
5. Which of the following places hosts the most migrants?
Africa
21. What statement is correct about the Universal Periodic Review policy?
After reviews, a majority of the recommendations for policy change that have been made have actually been implemented by states.
38. Which of the following is true of the "demographic transition"?
As women have become more educated and people have moved to urban areas, birth rates have dropped dramatically.
Which statement is true about the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)?
CEDAW has been ratified by a majority of states in the world.
Which part of the UN Charter authorizes the Security Council to take enforcement measures, such as economic sanctions or military force, to protect international peace and security?
Chapter VII
Which of the following is true of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), an agreement that was negotiated in late 2015 between the United States and Japan and ten other Pacific Rim countries?
China is excluded as a participant.
Which of the following is true about the status of women in the international community?
Discrimination against women in political and public life is considered illegal by international treaties.
Which of the following is an example of an NGO?
Doctors Without Borders
Which of the following is true of current conflicts over freshwater?
Egypt has labeled Ethiopia's construction of a dam on the Nile River, which will limit its access to water, an issue of national security.
36. Which of the following is true of the International Criminal Court?
Even heads of state and military leaders are not immune from its jurisdiction.
1. Under international law, refugees can be forced to return to their country of origin.
F
10. Global governance implies that international actors need a unifying political authority in order to coordinate their interests and actions.
F
2. The Bretton Woods institutions, including the World Bank, IMF, and GATT/WTO, represent radicals' goals of free trade and unobstructed financial markets.
F
2. The United Nations General Assembly has five permanent members that have veto power over the resolutions it passes.
F
3. Over time the United Nations' mandate has shrunk from a broad notion of human security, including providing food and shelter for refugees, to the narrow realm of classical security, such as protecting national territory.
F
3. The World Health Organization has not yet had a successful campaign to eradicate a disease.
F
4. According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, states cannot violate civil and political rights under any circumstances.
F
4. Liberals and realists agree on how to address health issues. They argue that only individual states are responsible for dealing with health issues when they threaten state security.
F
6. The Kyoto Protocol, an agreement designed to restrict states' greenhouse gas emissions, was ratified by over 150 states, including Russia, China, and the United States.
F
6. The mass atrocities in Rwanda and Darfur were labeled genocide by major states in the international community, but they did not respond.
F
7. Like liberals, realists believe NGOs play an important role in international relations.
F
7. The United States is a strong supporter of the ICC.
F
7. The problems of population growth and decline within states are state problems; they do not have international consequences.
F
8. Constructivists do not think that IGOs and NGOs can exert much influence over states.
F
8. While they were skeptical at first, African states are now the biggest supporters of the ICC because many cases on the court's docket target abusive African leaders.
F
A country that adopted the euro can use monetary policy as an instrument of economic policy.
F
Economic liberals see NAFTA as an example of U.S. expansionism and exploitation of the Mexican workforce.
F
The Washington Consensus and Beijing Consensus are products of economic liberal thinking.
F
Which country does not currently have a permanent seat on the Security Council?
Germany
Which of the following is true of the 2009 Eurozone crisis?
Greece was forced to take bailouts in return for cutting public spending.
16. Which of the following issues was one of the first historical areas of international cooperation?
Health
Which of the following is true of health issues?
Health issues not only affect individuals, but also state economies.
Which statement is correct about human rights and international politics?
Human rights issues have risen to greater prominence in international politics over the last century.
Which of the following is true of human security issues?
Human security issues have become increasingly susceptible to scrutiny and intervention by global actors.
How do economic liberals view human nature?
Humans are rational and act to maximize self-interest.
What statement is true about the crime of genocide?
In the cases of Rwanda and Darfur, politicians intentionally did not use the word "genocide" to describe the events.
27. Which of the following is true of the crime of genocide according to international law?
Intentionality is required, but what constitutes evidence of intentionality is not clearly defined.
37. What is one reason why the U.S. government has objected to the International Criminal Court?
It argues it infringes on U.S. sovereignty.
30. Which of the following is true of the Kyoto Protocol?
It did not obligate rapidly developing economies like India and China to restrict their greenhouse gas emissions.
47. Which of the following is true of military interventions on behalf of humanitarian causes?
It has been used, but on a selective basis.
How has the European Union changed over time?
It has repeatedly expanded its membership.
13. Which of the following is true of the UN Charter?
It includes a statement giving the UN a role in the protection of human rights, but also states that it cannot intervene in states' domestic matters.
49. Which of the following is true of the concept of responsibility to protect (R2P)?
It is criticized for becoming a justification for intervention on behalf of state interests not related to protection of human rights.
Which of the following is true of the United Nations?
It played a significant role in decolonization.
Which of the following is true of the role of the IMF during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis?
It provided loans to both Western and non-Western countries.
13. Why was the manufacturing of generic antiretroviral pharmaceuticals by Brazilian and Indian drug companies to deal with the HIV/AIDS epidemic controversial?
It violated the World Trade Organization's intellectual property protection rules regarding patent restrictions.
11. Which of the following is true of the League of Nations?
It was founded based on the idea of collective security.
11. Which is true about the development of human rights protections at the international level?
Japan pushed for the inclusion of a statement on the protection of human rights in the Covenant of the League of Nations, but the initiative was blocked.
Which of the following is true of the beliefs of economic liberalism, as exemplified by the writings of Adam Smith?
Markets should be kept free from government interference.
34. The long-standing and widespread belief in the infinite supply of key economic resources was challenged by
Marxists
Which of the following is a regional trade agreement involving countries in South America?
Mercosur
42. Which of the following is true of the role of NGOs' role in environmental issues?
NGOs can actually aid in the enforcement of environmental regulations.
24. Which of the following is true of the role NGOs have played in the area of human rights?
NGOs have been effective in helping to bring about substantive international laws protecting human rights.
Since its inception, how has membership of the Security Council been reformed?
No new countries have been added as permanent members.
28. To be considered "genocide" under international law, how many people must be killed?
No specific number is included in the definition.
Which of these statements differs from the economic liberal model in current thinking about approaches to economic development?
Political institutions should play an important role in fostering development, not just economic ones.
41. Which of the following observations makes current population growth rates more disturbing?
Rapid rates of population growth lead to increased demand for natural resources.
17. Each of the international relations perspectives has its own view of how public health problems can best be solved. Which of the following statements correctly represents the theoretical point of view mentioned?
Realists stress the importance of the individual state in responding to health issues, especially when state security is threatened.
4. Which of the following is true of how international law relates to refugees?
Refugees must be offered temporary protection until their individual cases are heard.
14. Realists argue the primary responsibility for protecting human rights falls to
STATES
25. Which of the following is true of human rights treaties?
Setting standards is a critical role that treaties play, as they lay out a clear benchmark for assessment of states' human rights record.
Which statement is true about slavery?
Slavery is still a problem, even in the world today.
16. Which of the following is true of state actions to protect human rights in other states?
Some states grant trade concessions to other states if human rights abuses decline.
32. Which of the following is true of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change?
States agreed to the mandatory submission of climate plans every five years, but the targets would not be legally binding.
9. Which of the following is always true when states must share collective goods?
States can suffer negative consequences as a result of the actions of other states.
How are states constrained by IGOs?
States must align their policies to norms and rules of behavior created by IGOs if they are to benefit from membership in these organizations.
What statement is correct about the relationship between economic conditions and human rights?
States with deteriorating economic conditions may repress political rights as they seek to maintain authority.
39. Realists see which threat emerging from current demographic trends?
States with growing populations and insufficient food might seek to expand their territory and acquire food sources by means of war.
20. ________ involves simultaneously advancing our survival and welfare without doing lasting damage to the environment.
Sustainability
10. The "responsibility to protect (R2P)" norm has been invoked only selectively, in some cases but not in others.
T
2. Africa is where the most migrants are on the move and most migrants are hosted.
T
2. States disagree on what types of rights should be given priority.
T
3. Less developed states, even liberal democratic ones, often fail to meet obligations of social and economic rights.
T
4. The European Coal and Steel Community (the predecessor to the European Economic Community) was formed with a functionalist logic in mind.
T
5. In addition to positive effects, economic developments in industry and agriculture also have negative effects.
T
5. Some states argue that the monitoring of states' behavior regarding human rights impinges on their sovereignty.
T
5. The members of the EU are often split on major foreign policy issues.
T
6. While NGOs are usually associated with the greater social, economic, or political good, they can also be formed for malevolent purposes.
T
8. Environmental problems related to nonrenewable natural resources such as oil have led to violent conflicts.
T
9. Globalizing human security issues affect international relations theory and practice by shaping international bargaining, eroding state sovereignty, and challenging international relations scholars' theoretical frameworks.
T
9. Some observers argue that indicting sitting leaders like Sudan's President al-Bashir can complicate efforts to negotiate peace agreements.
T
China is now a member of the World Trade Organization.
T
Liberals favor free trade and argue that states should produce goods in which they have comparative advantage.
T
Several developing countries have created institutions that are designed to serve as alternatives
T
The IMF lent money to a Western country during the 2008-2009 financial crisis.
T
The WTO permits developing countries to impose higher tariffs than industrialized countries.
T
The concept of human rights has expanded over time, and now includes ideas of group rights as well as individual rights.
T
The manner and extent to which different IGOs carry out particular functions varies.
T
32. Which of the following is true about the mass killings by Serbs against Bosnians in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s?
The International Court of Justice officially ruled that the case was not one of genocide.
14. Which of the following is true of the United Nations Security Council?
The Security Council was deadlocked by the frequent vetoes of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
23. Which of the following is true of the actions the United Nations has taken toward human rights protections?
The UN has authorized the use of force to protect human rights in states without the consent of the governments concerned.
18. Constructivists argue which of the following about the issue of health?
The ability of states to extract resources from their citizens to deal with health issues depends on whether threat rhetoric is more effective than cooperation and prevention rhetoric.
28. Which of the following is true about the problem of global climate change?
The costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions are high and immediate, while the benefits are diffuse.
What was one of the problems regarding the renegotiation of NAFTA in 2017?
The interests of different sectors within each state were divergent.
9. On which aspect of migration would constructivists focus their attention?
The socially constructed state identities that lead people to see refugees as "others" that threaten their own state's identity.
22. Which of the following is true of international treaties on the environment?
They are controversial.
24. Which of the following characteristics do ozone depletion and global warming have in common?
They are not issues confined to a single state.
49. How do realists argue human security issues have affected the primacy of the state?
They argue that the increase in relevance of other actors to deal with these transnational issues does not necessarily lead to the elimination of state primacy.
Which of the following is true of economic trade agreements?
They can be regional or transregional.
43. The developed countries often blame developing countries and their population explosion for environmental problems. What is a common response by developing countries to these accusations?
They disagree, arguing that the developed countries have been responsible for most environmental excess.
Which of the following is true of economic migrants under international law?
They do not have the legal right to asylum in the country to which they are fleeing.
How have developed countries and international financial institutions responded to the escalating debt of many developing countries during the 1990s and even through today?
They have canceled large amounts of debt.
While NGOs have distinct advantages over individuals, states, and IGOs, they also have some disadvantages. Which of the following is such a disadvantage?
They often have to compete for funding.
40. Which of the following is true of liberals' view of the development gap?
They think closing the gap will lead to a self-reinforcing spiral of economic improvement and demographic balance.
Which country with a majority-Muslim population has had extensive discussions about joining the European Union, but is not yet a member?
Turkey
33. Which of the following is true of actions revolving around the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change?
While the U.S. federal government has pulled out of the agreement, U.S. states such as California are working with the governments of other countries such as Mexico, Canada, and China to push emissions reductions.
40. An organization designed to uncover the truth about crimes that have been committed and move forward with the reconciliation process is
a Truth Commission.
European integration has led to the creation of the euro, which is
a common currency.
44. In current international law, widespread and systematic rape is considered
a crime against humanity.
The 1989 ban the EU placed on imports of beef from cattle treated with artificial growth hormones to protect public health is an example of ________.
a nontariff barrier
The case of ozone depletion is
a success story of international cooperation.
Which economic policy would a mercantilist favor?
a. promoting exports over imports
The "precautionary principle" specifies that
action should be taken on the basis of scientific warning before there is irreversible harm.
12. Which of the following places is the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS health problem?
africa
The Universal Periodic Review is
an approach adopted by the UN Human Rights Council in which each state evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of its own human rights record.
The New Development Bank is
an institution founded by the BRICS states to serve as an alternative to the World Bank.
What is the Montreal Protocol?
an international agreement designed to limit the emission of ozone-depleting substances
What is the Kyoto Protocol?
an international agreement geared toward reducing the emission of greenhouse gases
According to economic liberals, multinational corporations (MNCs) ________.
are efficient agents of economic improvement
17. In general, states with what government type are the most likely to abuse political and civil rights?
autocracies
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) differs from the EU in that NAFTA
b. has no intended social, political, or security dimensions.
35. Why did the United Nations convene ad hoc criminal tribunals in the 1990s to investigate and prosecute crimes committed in the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda?
because the ICC did not exist to prosecute individuals for war crimes at the time
Economic radicals believe that ________ led to the economic chasm between the developed and developing world, which they witnessed developing at the end of "Pax Britannica."
capitalism
42. Early United Nations efforts following the 1949 Universal Declaration of Human Rights focused on getting states to grant women ________.
civil and political rights
Liberal political theorists place emphasis on ________, as laid out in historic documents such as the U.S. Bill of Rights.
civil and political rights
19. The notion of ________ is used as an aid in conceptualizing how to achieve shared benefits that depend on overcoming conflicting individual interests.
collective goods
Based on the recognition that states differ in their resource endowments of land, labor, and capital, a theory developed arguing that states should trade based on their ________, whereby each state produces and exports those products that it can produce most efficiently relative to other states.
comparative advantage
Which of the following EU practices or policies is compatible with liberal economic theory?
creating a large market with free movement of goods and services
If the value of a state's imports of goods and services exceeds the value of its exports of goods and services, this is referred to as that state having
current account deficit.
18. There can be a tension between human rights and national security, as illustrated by what international law?
d. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allows states to revoke some rights when national security is threatened.
When the United States increased tariffs on steel to help protect its steel manufacturers, this is known as ________.
d. protectionism
Cultural relativism is the idea that
different rights are relevant in different cultural settings.
Which theorists focus on the struggle for power between states in the areas of finance and trade?
economic realists
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) enshrined which of the following principles?
ensuring foreign enterprises are treated in the same way domestic firms are treated
During the war in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, the term ________ was coined to mean working to remove peoples of another group from their territory, but not necessarily killing them all.
ethnic cleansing
The Beijing Consensus approach to economic development, a model based on China's rapid economic growth, implies
experimenting with policies that are compatible with a state's political structure and experience rather than with economic liberalism.
For dependency theorists, MNCs are seen as
facilitators that perpetuate the dominance of the North.
Lowering taxes and government spending is a type of
fiscal policy.
4. Which of the following is an example of civil and political rights?
freedom of speech
26. Intentional systematic killing of a group based on race, religion, or ethnicity is called
genocide
31. Given difficulties in negotiating a comprehensive, global agreement on global warming, new political attention has focused on which of the following?
getting the top three emitters to come to an agreement among themselves
50. The idea that through various structures and processes, actors at the international level can coordinate interests and needs in the absence of a unifying political authority is known as
global governance.
Economic liberals argue that free trade and open markets on an international scale will create
greater economic development for all states involved.
Since the 1990s, economic regionalism
has increased in popularity, and new regional agreements have been negotiated and existing ones strengthened.
11. The World Health Organization (WHO)
has revised its regulations over time in response to various global health emergencies.
When the buying and selling of currencies by market participants determines the value of one currency compared to other currencies, this is known as
having a floating exchange rate.
1. The expanded idea of security that argues that people's security must be stressed in addition to national security is known as
human security.
46. Military action by states or the international community to alleviate massive human rights violations is known as
humanitarian intervention.
48. The idea of "responsibility to protect (R2P)" is that
if states do not protect their own citizens, other states have a responsibility to do something.
IGOs' efforts against South Africa's apartheid government
included coercive economic measures.
During the 2008-2009 global financial crisis
investment in African countries such as Ghana and Kenya from emerging economies like China and India increased.
Freshwater is a highly politicized natural resource problem because
it is unequally distributed and unequally used.
The Bretton Woods institutions are reflecting ________ economic ideas.
liberal
8. Which theoretical perspective would highlight the election of President Trump with his campaign to "build the wall" as an illustration of the role domestic politics plays in the formation of states' migration policies?
liberalism
46. The belief that environmental issues are ripe for international action in the twenty-first century is characteristic of
liberals
47. International bargaining is affected by issues of human security because
many issues are at stake, allowing for trade-offs to take place.
The idea that rescuing states from the consequences of reckless economic behavior actually encourages future reckless behavior is called
moral hazard.
25. To increase their influence, NGOs have begun to focus on working with which of the following?
national governments, IGOs, and regional organizations
23. The international community has been increasingly affected by ________, the costly unintended consequences of economic development in agriculture and industry.
negative externalities
Which of the following is a source of NGOs' power in the international system?
new communication technologies which allow them to build coalitions
2. The idea that refugees cannot be forced to return to their country of origin is known as
non-refoulement.
Radicals argue that the state tends to support
owners of the means of production.
Internally displaced people are
people who have been uprooted from their homes but remain in their home country.
7. States in the West are most likely to prioritize which rights?
political rights
Investing in another country's stocks or bonds without taking direct control of those investments is called ________.
portfolio investment
The overall effect of the European Union has been
positive, increasing trade and improving welfare.
21. What are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)?
private, voluntary organizations whose members come together to achieve a common purpose
Although originally designed to facilitate reconstruction in post-World War II Europe, much of the World Bank's funding actually has been used to
promote economic development.
The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, which provides support to its farmers in order for them to remain competitive, is a ________ policy.
protectionist
China's One Belt, One Road initiative is designed to
provide a conduit for Chinese imports and exports throughout Central and South Asia.
Two key factors that contributed to the 2009 Eurozone crisis are
public-sector debt and trade imbalances.
44. Which school of thought emphasizes most clearly that controversies over natural resources may lead to conflict?
realism
7. If a state is working to prevent the movement of people across its borders, it is pursuing a solution to the challenges posed by refugees and economic migrants that is most closely associated with which theoretical perspective?
realism
If human rights violations occur,
realists believe states should intervene if they find it in their national interest.
40. The UN's 2001 Millennium Development Goals set forth eight goals designed to
reduce poverty and increase sustainable human development.
The profound economic controversies generated by NAFTA illustrate that
regionalism produces both winners and losers.
39. Monetary payments sent by foreign workers to individuals in a home country are known as
remittances
If genocide is being committed, the Genocide Convention
requires a response from the international community, though the nature of that response is not specified.
15. The European Union encouraged human rights protections in post-Cold War Eastern Europe by
requiring candidates for admission to the EU to show improving political and civil liberties.
5. Which of the following is an example of a group right?
right to development
Theorists in the radical tradition place emphasis on
social and economic rights.
State-owned investment funds composed of a range of financial assets including stocks and bonds, precious metals, and properties formed in capital-surplus countries are known as ________.
sovereign wealth funds
20. During the Arab Spring of 2011, the League of Arab States took the unusual move to
suspend Libyan and Syrian membership.
The approach to economic development that incorporates a concern for renewable resources and the environment is known as
sustainable development.
1. To supporters of economic liberalism, MNCs are a positive development.
t
37. Certain predictions about population growth trends, put forth by Thomas Malthus and the Club of Rome, proved incorrect in part because they failed to account properly for
technological change.
The three Bretton Woods Institutions are
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.
Some African states are critical of the ICC because
the ICC docket disproportionally deals with African leaders.
If a state faced balance-of-payments difficulties and needed a short-term loan to deal with the problem, it would likely turn to ________.
the International Monetary Fund
The 2008-2009 crisis began in the United States but spread globally, in part because
the United States decreased its imports from other countries.
What is referred to as the International Bill of Rights consists of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
The liberal approach to economic development that prioritizes privatization, liberalization of trade and foreign direct investment, government deregulation in favor of open competition, and broad tax reform is known as ________.
the Washington Consensus
12. The Westphalian idea of the sovereign equality of member states is
the basis for each state having one vote in the UN General Assembly.
26. While states have been relatively effective in stopping ________, they have been less successful at stopping ________.
the depletion of the ozone layer; global climate change
What is the development gap?
the difference between economically well-off states of the North and the poorer South
The main sticking point in the failure of the Doha Round, the most recent round of trade negotiations under the purview of the WTO, was
the liberalization of agricultural markets.
34. The trials convened after World War II to punish German and Japanese leaders for their wartime actions were not considered legitimate precedents because
they were seen as "victor's punishment."
39. Some critics of the ICC argue that bringing individuals to justice might jeopardize the long-term peace because
those facing prosecution might try harder to stay in power to avoid prosecution.
What are epistemic communities?
transnational communities of experts sharing expertise and a set of beliefs
. Health is a quintessential functionalist issue because
virtually everyone desires good health, and this can be achieved by relying on technical experts' advice about how to stop the spread of disease.
51. Realists argue that U.S. support for anti-communist regimes with abusive human rights records during the Cold War
was in the national interest and consistent with the protection of sovereignty.
41. Supporters of truth commissions argue that they are better than courts under what circumstances?
when the parties must live together in the future
10. The Geneva Conventions (1949), some of the first international humanitarian laws with virtual universal approval, focus on protecting the rights of which group(s)?
wounded soldiers and prisoners of war