Chap.3: Pharmacology (Autonomic nervous system)
Differentiate ACh and AChE. Now relate these terms to direct- and indirect-acting agents.
-ACh is a simple molecule that is broken down quickly whereas AChE is an enzyme that breaks down ACh. ACh is enhanced directly by giving agents that increase production. ACH is enhanced indirectly by giving agents that preventing its rapid breakdown by having a decreased AChE activity.
Match synonymous terms in the autonomic nervous system: ___sympathomimetic ___parasympathomimetic ___sympatholytic ___parasympatholytic -(a)cholinergic -(b)anticholinergic -(c)adrenergic -(d)antiadrenergic
-C-A-D-B
Identify where nicotinic and muscarinic receptors can be found in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
-Nicotinic receptors can be found at the preganglian junction in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The muscarinic receptor can be found at the postganglion junction in the parasympathetic nervous system. The muscarinic receptor is not found in the sympathetic nervous system.
Have you ever heard the saying, "That made the hairs on the back of my neck stand up"? Would you consider this a sympathetic or parasympathetic response, and why?
-Sympathetic because it causes the hairs to contract/stand on end in order to enhance the sensitivity of someone's surroundings in a fight or flight situation.
State the effects on the heart, blood vessels, or lungs from stimulating the following receptors: alpha, beta1, beta2, and muscarinic.
-The alpha receptor contracts vascular smooth muscle, beta1 increases the HR, beta2 causes bronchodilation of the lungs, muscarinic receptors block the parasympathetic response of bronchoconstriction
What branch of the nervous system controls digestive actions?
-The peripheral nervous system, specifically the autonomic nervous system.
Which branches make up the peripheral nervous system
-parasympathetic; -somatic; -sympathetic
indicate whether the following pertain to the sympathetic nervous system(s), parasympathetic(p), or both -fight of flight -digestion -ACh at preganglion -NE -ACh at postganglion
-s-p-b-s-p
Bronchodilation is achieved by using which of the following classifications of drugs? I.Parasympatholytics II.Sympatholytics III.Adrenergic agonists
1 & 111
Receptors that bind with norepinephrine are referred to as: I.Adrenergic II.Alpha III.Beta IV.Muscarinic
1,11, 111
Stimulation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system would cause which of the following effects? I. Increased heart rate and contractility II. Pupil dilation III. Increased digestion IV. Bronchoconstriction
111 and IV
ACLS
Advanced cardiac life support
Parasympatholytic
Agent that blocks or antagonizes the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
Sympatholytic
Agent that blocks or antagonizes the effects of the sympathetic system
Parasympathomimetic
Agent that stimulates the parasympathetic system
Sympathomimetic
Agent that stimulates the sympathetic system
Beta1-receptor stimulation results in a positive chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic effect on the cardiac system. What does that mean, respectively?
Beta1-receptor stimulation results in an increase in heart rate, an increase in conduction, and an increase in contraction.
Skeletal muscles are found in
Diaphragm
differentiate afferent and efferent
E:The brain sends motor information via to have effects on various parts of the body. A:Carry Sensory information from all parts of the body to the brain.
Contrast the mechanisms of neurotransmitter inactivation in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
Inactivation in the parasympathetic nervous system would involve acetylcholine being metabolized by AChE. Inactivation in the sympathetic nervous system would involve NE being recycled back into the synaptic knob(reuptake). The NE that is not involved in reuptake is eventually metabolized by MAO (monoamine oxidase) and COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase).
Which of the following are the two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
NE and ACh
Which of the four autonomic categories can cause bronchodilation? Which can cause a decrease in heart rate?
Parasympatholytics and sympathomimetics can cause bronchodilation. Parasympathomimetics and sympatholytics can cause a decrease in heart rate.
Peripheral Nervous System
Part of the nervous system comprised of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Re-uptake
Process wherein norepinephrine is deactivated at the sympathetic postganglionic sites
nicotinic receptors
Receptors found at the skeletal muscles in the somatic system and all preganglionic sites in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Sympathetic
The branch of the peripheral nervous system that prepares the body for stress and emergencies
Somatic Nervous System
The part of the nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and therefore voluntary movement
Beta1 stimulation mainly affects the: Heart - Blood vessels - Airways - Skeleton and muscles
a
Give physiological responses to the following: beta2 stimulation- beta1 stimulation- alpha1 stimulation- beta2 inhibition- -bronchodilator, increases HR, vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction -bronchoconstriction, bronchodilator, increases HR, vasoconstriction -vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, bronchodilator, increases HR
a
Phenylephrine is the main ingredient in many nasal sprays. Which receptor does phenylephrine activate? Alpha - Beta1 - Beta2 - Dopamine
a
The name of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter is: Acetylcholine - Cholinesterase - Norepinephrine - Adrenalin
a
What type of adrenergic agent is albuterol not considered? Catecholamine - Noncatecholamine - Sympatholytic - Cholinergic
a
AChE
acetylcholinesterase
dopamine receptors
adrenergic receptors found in renal tissue that when stimulated, relax the renal arteries and therefore increase renal perfusion
anticholinergic
agents that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
antiadrenergic
agents that block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
A physician has ordered for you to administer a parasympatholytic agent. Which of the following physiologic responses would you anticipate? Bronchoconstriction Decreased salivation Bradycardia Constricted pupils
b
Sympathomimetic drugs include all of the following except: Isoproterenol - Propranolol - Albuterol - Phenylephrine
b
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for piloerection? Peripheral, Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Somatic
b
Adrenergic agents that are considered catecholamines include all the following except: -Dobutamine - -Epinephrine - -Phenylephrine - -Dopamine
c
The primary action of sympathomimetics is to: Stimulate acetylcholine - Block acetylcholine - Stimulate norepinephrine - Block norepinephrine
c
Which statement best explains the control of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems? -The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work independently of each other to regulate autonomic control. - The sympathetic system is in primary autonomic control. - The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work in a coordinated, opposite fashion to maintain balance. - The parasympathetic system is the dominant controller.
c
COMT
catechol-O-methyltransferase
A drug that is classified as a beta-blocker would cause which of the following effects? Bronchodilation - Increased heart rate - Apnea - Bronchoconstriction
d
Drugs that antagonize or block the parasympathetic response are referred to as: Antiadrenergics Cholinergics Parasympathomimetics Parasympatholytics
d
The sympathetic system causes which of the following effects? Bronchoconstriction - - Increased digestion - - Decreased heart rate - - Bladder relaxation
d
The system responsible for a rise in heart rate and blood pressure when your instructor announces a surprise quiz is the: Central nervous system - Parasympathetic system - Somatic system - Sympathetic system
d
When a drug stimulates a receptor to cause a specific response, it can be classified as all the following except: Direct acting, An agonist, Sympathomimetic, Parasympatholytic
d
What would be the adrenergic response in the eyes-lungs-heart-
eye- dilates, open up. lungs- dilates, receive more O2. heart- HR increases
What would be the anticholinergic response in the eyes-lungs-heart-
eyes- dilates - widen, lungs-bronchodilate, heart-increases
Adrenergic receptors bind with acetylcholine. true or false
false
Beta2-receptor stimulation results in bronchoconstriction. true or false
false
Stimulation of beta1-receptors results in a decrease in heart rate. true or false
false
LABA
long-acting beta2-agonist
LAMA
long-acting muscarinic antagonist
MAO
monoamine oxidase
ganglion
nerve cell body outside of the brain and spinal cord
contrast the two branches of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic: controls the day-to-day bodily activities, rest and digest Sympathetic: is the fight-or-flight system, and it responds to stressful situations.
bronchodilator can be achieved using which kind of agent
parasympatholytic and sympathomimetic
muscarinic receptors
receptors found at the postganglionic site of the PNS
Alpha receptors
receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system that generally cause vasoconstriction
adrenergic receptors
receptors of the sympathetic nervous system that include alpha and beta receptors
SABA
short-acting beta2 agonist
SAMA
short-acting muscarinic antagonist
adrenergic
stimulating the sympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of the sympathetic system would cause inhibition of salivation. true or false
true
The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. true or false
true
The parasympathetic system controls digestive actions. true or false
true
The parasympathetic system uses muscarinic receptors. true or false
true
The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement. true or false
true
The sympathetic system uses adrenergic receptors. true or false
true
There are two divisions of the peripheral nervous system. true or false
true
