chapt 11 question

DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to

determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes.

What type of technology could be used to produce new cells of a specific type to help treat diseases?

stem cell technology

Source and vector DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ______ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase.

sticky ends

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces ______ that is toxic to insects and can be inserted into plants using recombinant DNA.

Bt protein

In cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer, the DNA from a(n) ______ cell directs the development of an egg into a clone of the organism that provided the DNA.

differentiated

What technique separates DNA fragments by size?

electrophoresis

A type of animal stem cell called a(n) ______ stem cell can give rise to any type of cell in the body.

embryonic

___therapy is the process of adding a healthy gene that supplements the function of a faulty gene in a person's cells.

gene

In what technology is a healthy gene added to a person's cells to supplement the function of a faulty disease-causing gene?

gene therapy

Select all the diseases that are caused by mutated alleles of genes and that can be detected and possibly treated using DNA technology.

hemophilia cystic fibrosis sickle cell disease Tay-Sachs disease

The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called

polymerase chain reaction.

Recombinant DNA is genetic material

spliced together from multiple sources.

DNA sequencing of the human genome revealed that about ______ of the human genome encodes protein.

1.5%

stem cells are more differentiated and produce a limited number of cell types.

Adult

Select disadvantages of using stem cells to treat disease.

Adult stem cells can be less abundant than embryonic stem cells. Some people consider it unethical to use human embryos for medical research. The patient's immune system can reject tissues derived from another individual's stem cells.

What bacterium enters plants at a wound site and injects a plasmid into the plants' cells, causing a tumorlike gall to grow where the bacteria can live?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

What technology allows researchers to edit, remove, or turn off specific genes in the genome of an organism?

CRISPR-Cas9

Select all of the following that describe cloning as a method of reproduction.

Cloning is essentially asexual reproduction. At least some organisms in each kingdom reproduce by cloning.

PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of ______ to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.

DNA

Select all of the following that are steps in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).

DNA is extracted from an embryonic cell and amplified by PCR. An embryo with DNA that does not contain disease-causing alleles can be implanted into the mother's uterus. Eggs are fertilized in vitro. Amplified DNA is exposed to a DNA probe for a disease-causing allele.

Select all of the following that describe the high-throughput DNA sequencing process.

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to immobilized clusters of fragments. The DNA from a cell is shattered into many pieces. Copies of 500 base-pair fragments are made.

What type of technology can be used to detect the presence of a disease allele in a strand of DNA?

DNA probe

In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called

DNA profiling.

The Human Genome Project was accomplished using what technology?

DNA sequencing

The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called

DNA sequencing.

Enforcing the law, relieving human suffering, and modifying the human food supply are all applications of

DNA technology.

The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called

DNA technology.

If source DNA is extracted from a eukaryotic organism and used to create transgenic bacteria, why will the mRNA transcribed from the recombinant DNA encode a defective protein in the bacteria?

Eukaryotic DNA contains introns, which bacteria cannot remove.

What is the advantage of producing transgenic organisms called Bt crops?

Farmers can reduce the use of insecticides.

Select applications of somatic cell nuclear transfer in humans.

Infertile couples could be able to have children. A patient's cloned embryo could provide a source of stem cells that would not be rejected by the patient.

Select disadvantages of cloning humans.

Most clones do not develop normally or die in early development. Embryos would have to be destroyed. Obtaining eggs from a woman's ovaries is costly and risky.

How does mRNA transcribed from bacterial DNA differ from mRNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA?

Only eukaryotic mRNA contains introns.

Select all the potential ethical issues in using genetic testing.

PGD is expensive and may only be possible for the wealthy. Tests that reveal a high risk of cancer may cause anxiety or depression. Parents may use genetic testing to select for desirable traits in embryos.

What technology can be used to block the translation of mRNA and therefore silence a cancer-related gene?

RNA interference

The cloning technique that was used to create the first cloned mammal (a sheep named Dolly) was called _____ cell nuclear transfer

Somatic

High-throughput DNA sequencing machines have had what effect on DNA sequencing technology?

The cost of sequencing projects has decreased.

Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?

They are genetically variable.

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants with the ______, which can carry new genes into plant cells.

Ti plasmid

What is the cloning vector used to transfer an herbicide-resistance gene from Agrobacterium to a plant cell?

Ti plasmid

Select reasons why adult stem cells might be better for use in stem cell therapy than embryonic stem cells.

Using adult stem cells would not involve human embryos. A patient's immune system would not reject its own tissues. Adult stem cells can be derived from the patient's own tissues.

In somatic cell nuclear transfer, the nucleus that is injected into the egg is from

a body cell.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is performed on

an embryo cell in vitro.

Transgenic ______ can be produced to study the development of human diseases or to yield abundant supplies of human proteins that can be secreted in their milk.

animals

Cloning, such as exhibited naturally by many species, is simply the production of an organism by

asexual reproduction.

Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism.

bacterium animal plant

"Golden rice" is a transgenic plant that is genetically engineered to

be more nutritious.

DNA technology is especially useful in detecting and treating human diseases that are

caused by mutations of a single gene.

A ______ is a self-replicating genetic structure that will carry source DNA into a recipient cell.

cloning vector

RNA interference can silence a disease-causing gene because

complementary mRNA binds to the gene's mRNA, preventing translation.

Select the portions of the noncoding human genome that have functions for the cell.

enhancers sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA

Select all of the following that are components of CRISPR-Cas9 technology.

enzyme that cuts DNA editing of genes to change the nucleotide sequence guide RNA that binds to specific complementary DNA

Transgenic organisms are designed to

express the protein product of the recombinant DNA.

Select pharmaceuticals that can be produced using transgenic bacteria.

fertility hormones blood clotting factors insulin

The fact that different species use the same genetic code means that a(n) ____ from one organism can be transferred to and expressed by a different organism.

gene

Unlike creating a transgenic organism, in gene therapy

genes are only inserted into the cell type that needs correction.

How can parents determine if their growing fetus or newborn carries a disease-causing allele?

genetic testing

What is routinely done to screen for phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns?

genetic testing

The possible termination of embryos or fetuses with mild conditions or certain traits is a moral and ethical dilemma associated with

genetic testing.

In PCR, what is the role of the thermal cycler?

heat and cool the reaction mixture

Select aspects of gene transfer therapy that differ from the process of creating a transgenic organism.

in gene therapy, inserted genes are from the same type of organism. Gene therapy patients do not pass the gene on to their offspring.

Select all the applications of transgenic animals.

increase yield for human consumption production of human proteins in the milk of farm animals provide a model for disease development

Using gene guns or electricity are two ways to conduct what step in creating a transgenic organism?

inserting recombinant DNA into the recipient cell

One way that a cell can produce many proteins from few genes is by removing different combinations of ______ from an mRNA molecule.

introns

The same gene is able to code for different proteins depending on the combinations of introns removed from a(n) ______ molecule.

mRNA

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to

make a DNA copy of mRNA.

Select all of the following that are applications of DNA technology.

manipulate gene expression to treat diseases modify crop plants to be insect-resistant study evolutionary relationships among species

When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the ______ regions of DNA for comparison.

most variable

Stem cell technology can possibly provide treatment for disorders involving ______, which ordinarily do not divide to replace diseased or damaged tissue.

neurons

A common type of cloning vector is a(n) ______ which is a small circle of double-stranded DNA separate from the cell's chromosome.

plasmid

A bacterium that has received recombinant DNA containing the gene for human insulin will

produce human insulin along with the other proteins it normally produces.

Select current uses of transgenic bacteria and yeasts.

production of phenylalanine production of milk curding enzymes for the cheese industry degradation of pollutants

About 1.5% of the human genome consists of

protein-encoding sequences

DNA sequences that are very similar to protein-encoding genes but are not translated are called ______, which may be remnants of old genes that once functioned in ancestors.

pseudogenes

Within the noncoding portion of the human genome, _______ are DNA sequences that resemble protein-encoding genes, but their mRNA is not translated.

pseudogenes

DNA profiling often focuses on STRs, which are

repeated sequences of a few nucleotides.

Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins.

repetitive sequences transposons pseudogenes DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA enhancers

A ______ enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences.

restriction

What are proteins that cut both source and vector DNA used to create recombinant DNA?

restriction enzymes

What enzyme is used to make cDNA, an intron-free DNA copy of mRNA?

reverse transcriptase

Some restriction enzymes produce ______ ends in both the source DNA and plasmid DNA, and these ends can stick to each other by ______.

single-stranded; complementary base pairing

An undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types is called a(n) ______ cell.

stem

The first step in creating a transgenic organism is to

synthesize or extract source DNA.

Short _______ repeats are variable DNA sequences that are useful in DNA profiling.

tandem

Methods that involve the manipulation of genes or specific sequences of DNA are part of a broad category of research and practical applications called DNA

technology

Select all of the following that are required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method.

terminator nucleotides DNA polymerase normal nucleotides primers

What type of organism is one that receives and expresses recombinant DNA?

transgenic

What type of transgenic organisms can be produced to contain extra nutrients, to survive harsh conditions, or to degrade leftover explosives at military installations?

transgenic plants

A ______ organism is an organism that has been engineered to contain ______ DNA.

transgenic; recombinant

Select all the potential applications of stem cell technology.

treat currently incurable diseases replace injured or damaged tissue provide specific cells for drug testing

Stem cells are said to be ______, which means that they can give rise to specialized cell types but do not have a specialized role yet.

undifferentiated

How do researchers prepare an intron-free copy of a eukaryotic gene for use in creating transgenic bacteria?

use reverse transcriptase to make cDNA from mature mRNA

Select ways that a recombinant plasmid can be inserted into a bacterial cell.

using electricity gene guns

To create a transgenic organism, researchers must use a cloning ______, such as a plasmid, to carry source DNA into a recipient cell.

vector

Select examples of cloning vectors used in creating transgenic organisms.

viruses plasmids