Chapter 02: Ethical Theory and Philosophy

Ethical decision making is a behavior and can be done well or done poorly. It is inherent and is not taught or learned.

The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

John Stuart Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, which states that an action should be judged to be moral on its capacity to provide the greatest good for the largest number of people.

The first statement is true, the second statement is false.

Which of the following is an example where avoiding hurt becomes the moral guide governing all moral reasoning according to Gilligan's model of moral development? Orientation to individual survival b. Goodness as self-sacrifice c. Morality of nonviolence

Morality of nonviolence

The capacity for moral judgment is rigid, because a person's cognitive moral development and his or her ability to employ what he or she understands peaks at a certain age.

NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

Which of the following ethical theories regards an action as right when it conforms to a principle or rule of conduct that meets a requirement of some overriding duty? Consequentialism b. Nonconsequentialism c. Virtue ethics d. Deontology

Nonconsequentialism

According to Piaget's four-stage model of moral development, the egocentric stageis found in individuals of which of the following ages? 0-2 years old b. 2-7 years old c. 7-12 years old d. 12 years old and older

2-7 years old

Moral education programs seem to be most effective among which of the following members of society?

Adults

According to Piaget, rules are tested and become internalized during which of the following stages of moral development? Amoral stage b. Egocentric stage c. Heteronomous stage d. Autonomous stage

Autonomous stage

Some moral philosophers have advocated that correct moral thinking should be like solving a simple mathematical equation. Theories of moral development have been offered to help understand how easy making good moral decisions can be.

Both statements are false.

People operate on their experiences to make sense of them. The experiences, as we make sense of them, change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct meanings.

Both statements are true.

Moral development is thought to be a process, because moral development has been shown to typically occur in progressive steps or stages.

Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

The cognitive aspects of moral development are only part of the story, because incorporating the skill of differentiating right from wrong into life is a matter of building habits.

Both the statement and reason are correct and related.

Which of the following views of moral reasoning is predicated on the idea that the rightness or wrongness of any action is determined and justified by the consequences of the act being considered? Consequentialism b. Nonconsequentialism c. Virtue ethics d. Deontology

Consequentialism

Adding fluoride to a community water system is a good example of the application of which of the following types of ethical reasoning? Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics b. Deontology or nonconsequentialism c. Virtue ethics d. None of the above

Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics

You are at a party and notice that a friend has consumed more alcohol than usual and appears inebriated. At you watch her weave to her car, you wrestle with intervening, and many questions go through your mind. You wonder if she will be angry and resent it later on if you try to stop her but fear that she will not make it home safely if you do not. You wrestle whether or not to grab her keys and call a cab. This is an example of which of the following types of ethics? Consequentialist ethics b. Nonconsequentialist ethics c. Virtue ethics d. None of the above

Consequentialist ethics

Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's three-level model of moral development is considered to be conventional reasoning, in which expectations of family and groups are maintained and where loyalty and conformity are considered important? Law and order orientation b. Instrumental relativist orientation c. Social contract legalistic orientation d. Universal ethical principle orientation e. Punishment and obedience orientation

Law and order orientation

Which of the following is the most basic stage of Kohlberg's three-level model of moral development? Interpersonal concordance orientation b. Law and order orientation c. Punishment and obedience orientation d. Instrumental relativist orientation e. Social contract legalistic orientation

Punishment and obedience orientation

Which of the following is thought to be one of the strongest and most consistent correlates with development of moral judgment?

Years of formal education

According to Immanuel Kant, the test for a universal law is whether an action is related to (a/an) a. Overriding duty b. moral compass. c. desirable outcome. d. benefit for the majority.

a. Overriding duty

Which of the following ethical types of reasoning would be most likely to say that a physician should be honest in telling a cancer patient that he or she only has a short time to live, even if he or she knew the patient would live longer if he or she did not know the truth? Consequentialist ethics b. Nonconsequentialist ethics c. Virtue ethics

b. Nonconsequentialist ethics

Which of the following is the focus of virtue ethics? a. Our perfect duties and our imperfect duties b. To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be c. The consequences of our actions d. Our duties and rights rather than the consequences of our actions

b. To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be

In the academic world, examining the different ways in which moral thinking can be done is called a study of humanity. b. moral or ethical theory. c. behavior. d. operant conditioning. e. reasoning.

b.moral or ethical theory.

Which of the following theorists of cognitive moral development created the concept of the ethic of care? Lawrence Kohlberg b. Jean Piaget c. Carol Gilligan

c. Carol Gilligan

Who was a proponent of utilitarianism? Immanuel Kant b. Plato c. John Stuart Mill d. Aristotle

c. John Stuart Mill

According to Rest and his co-workers, people who love to learn; seek challenges; and are reflective, set goals, take risks, and profit from stimulating and challenging environments are those who develop in which of the following characteristics? Longevity b. Advanced education c. Moral judgment d. High remuneration

c. Moral judgment

Immanuel Kant is associated with which of the following theories of ethical thinking? Virtue ethics b. Consequentialism c. Nonconsequentialism d. None of the above

c. Nonconsequentialism

Which of the following types of ethical philosophies is based upon good patterns of perceiving, thinking, and acting rightly? a. Consequentialist ethics b. Nonconsequentialist ethics c. Virtue ethics d. None of the above

c. Virtue ethics

According to Kant, helping an elderly person cross the street is (a/an) a. categorical imperative. b. perfect duty. c. imperfect duty. d. moral obligation. e. universal law.

c. imperfect duty.

Immanuel Kant's test for correct moral reasoning is called the categorical imperative,which means a a. designation of the reasoning according to four criteria. b. stable pattern of perceiving, thinking, and acting rightly. c. rule or standard of conduct that is binding for all human beings. d. consequence of an alternative course of action in a given situation.

c. rule or standard of conduct that is binding for all human beings.