chapter 1-14 question bank
Which is not a way wildfires affect vegetation?
All of these are ways that wildfires affect vegetation
What did scientists discover about tropical ecology after the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami?
Coastal mangrove forests partly protected villages from the energy of the tsunami where the waves were smaller.
What is a natural service function of landslides?
Create new habitat for fish in landslide-dammed lakes.
What is not a major goal of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program?
Predict time and place of earthquakes
Which is a true statement about wildfires?
Preignition processes absorb energy
What is a natural service function of cyclones?
Provide primary source of precipitation in many areas
What happens when humans withdrawal subsurface fluids, such as oil, natural gas, and water?
Pumping out the liquid reduces support of the earth material.
Which concept is now used to explain the processes that form the Earth's landscapes?
Punctuated uniformitarianism
Which is not an abrupt climate change that could cause a serious risk to humans and the natural environment?
Rapid release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
How can the color of the soil help in possible hazard risk assessment?
Red soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can lead to higher slope instability.
Which is not a way to minimize the effects of coastal hazards?
Replace vegetation with sand
Once a hurricane has formed, which is not a prediction that must be made by meteorologists?
Who will need to evacuate
Which of the following was not a result of the K-Pg Boundary mass extinction?
Widespread wildfires were experienced everywhere
The blue circles and red triangles indicate the location of _________ and their locations correlate strongly with __________.
earthquakes & volcanoes; plate boundaries
After an oil spill, what is needed to predict the movement of the oil along the beaches and in salt marshes?
All of these are needed to predict the movement
Which is a principle of coastal zone development?
All of these are principles of coastal zone development.
What is a problem with those that live or work in the wildland-urban interface not adequately perceiving the risk from wildfires?
All of these are problems
why is fire such a major hazard linked with earthquakes?
All of these are reasons why fires are a major hazard
How does the study of soils help evaluate natural hazards?
All of these are ways that scientists have used soils in evaluation of natural hazards.
How can tsunami waves be so deceiving?
All of these are ways that tsunami waves are deceiving.
Changes in air temperature can affect the global sea level through
All of these are ways the air temperature can affect the global sea level.
how can we adjust to an earthquake hazard?
All of these are ways to adjust to an earthquake hazard.
How can areas where landslides are likely to occur be indentified?
All of these are ways to identify potential landslides
Which is not a way human behavior has made cyclone hazards more dangerous?
All of these behaviors can make cyclones more dangerous
How does the presence of mountains increase wildfire incidence or intensity?
All of these increase wildfire incidence or intensity.
When a tsunami watch or warning is issued, you can take your own personal actions. Which is not an action you should take?
Assume the area is safe because there have not been any dangerous waves elsewhere.
Which is not a component of the climate system?
Average daily temperature
In order of increasing silica content, the three major types of magma are
Basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic
Which of the following is a form of soft stabilization?
Beach nourishment
Scientists classify particles in the solar system by
By composition and diameter
If you placed a small boat in waves in the open ocean (not near the shoreline) what would the motion of the boat be?
Circular pattern, staying mostly in the same place
___________ is defined as an imposed change in Earth's energy balance.
Climate forcing
Which of these is not a condition needed for a hurricane to develop from a tropical storm?
Close enough to the equator so the Coriolis effect is strong enough to cause rotation
What is the difference between solutional sinkholes and collapse sinkholes?
Collapse sinkholes develop when the surface or near - surface material falls into an underground cavern.
What is the role of a drainage basin?
Collect rain and other precipitation to drain into rivers or streams.
Which of these areas is not at risk for coastal hazards?
Colorado River
The figure shows an example of what type of crater?
Complex impact
Which of the following would generally have the lowest albedo?
Coniferous woodlands
What is a realistic way to minimize hazards from subsidence and soil volume change?
Construct buildings on a compacted fill layer
Which is not a way that humans can increase the frequency and magnitude of flooding?
Create more green spaces in a city
Which of the following wildfire types is dominated by fires transmitted along treetops?
Crown fires
what is the outer rock layer of earth
Crust
How can grading of slopes be beneficial in preventing landslides?
Cutting a series of benches or steps into a high, steep slope reduces the overall slope and creates collection sites for small slides.
Which has not been a cause of subsidence in the Mississippi Delta?
Cutting channels though levees
Which is not an argument by opponents of natural stream modification?
Cutting trees increases the aesthetics by permitting better views of the stream
What is the defining characteristic of the troposphere?
Decrease in temperature with increasing altitude
Which is not a way climate change may increase the number and intensity of wildfires?
Decreasing the availability of natural fuels
What is a difference between tropical and extratropical cyclones?
Extratropical cyclones obtain their energy from the horizontal temperature contrast between air masses on either side of a front.
Which is not an adjustment you should make to fire hazards?
Fire insurance so you can live in fire-prone areas
Which of the following is not a primary approach of fire management?
Fire suppression
Which is not a human activity that increases the erosion of sea cliffs and lakeshore bluffs?
High waves hitting the cliff/bluff
What have scientists been doing to minimize the impact hazard?
Identifying and categorizing nearby objects that may threaten Earth.
Which is not an effect of cyclones?
Land subsidence
How could a community/state/country best use a runup map to prepare for a tsunami?
Locate the areas most likely to be inundated to possibly move critical services outside these areas.
How can humans increase the number and frequency of landslides?
Logging on weak, unstable slopes.
Which is not an example of paleoclimate proxy data?
Ocean temperatures
Which does not affect coastal topography?
Population
What is not a benefit of severe weather?
Producing large amounts of rain in a relatively short time.
How are landslide hazard and land-use maps like the one shown for Santa Clara County, California, used to minimize landslide hazards?
Provide a general land use recommendation.
What is the primary energy source that produces the differential heating that causes air masses to move across the landscape?
Solar energy
Which of the following U.S. states has the highest risk for hurricanes?
South Carolina
Which variables interact to create unstable conditions for snow avalanches?
Steepness of slope, weather, stability of snowpack
Most of the severe weather on the West Coast from San Diego to Vancouver is caused by
Strong winds and heavy rains from extratropical cyclones.
Which is not a linkage between coastal processes and other natural hazards?
Subduction zones created from coastal erosion
How is mass extinction characterized?
Sudden loss of large numbers of plants and animals relative to the number of new species being added
Which does not describe the size and movement of a wave?
Swell
What was not an impact of the 2003 European heat wave?
Temperatures were cooled at nighttime due to clear skies during the day
Which does not play a role in flooding?
The amount of humidity in the atmosphere
With the addition of levees (see figure), how does the natural floodplain change?
The area of wetlands is decreased.
Which of the following is a statement of climate as compared to weather?
The winters here are dry and warm.
Which is a serious coastal hazard?
Tsunamis
Which is not a glacial hazard?
Tsunamis
What is a difficulty in the probabilistic approach to tsunami hazard risk?
Tsunamis are generally rare events at one particular location.
Why do sailors rarely notice a tsunami passing in the open ocean?
Tsunamis are too small in amplitude in the open ocean, and the distance between crests is too large to notice its passing.
why are warnings issued even if the forecast is not 100% for predicted hazard?
an informed public is better able to act responsibly than an uninformed public.
A landslide resulting from the clearing of natural vegetation that in turn causes flooding due to the slide mass damming a stream, which then damages and destroys homes is an example of
environmental unity
When reporting to the public where the earthquake originated, new reports give the location of the ________.
epicenter
to determine the epicenter of an earthquake, scientists
find the intersection of P and S arrival time data from three seismographs at different locations.
The impact or airburst of an asteroid or comet is not a direct cause of
flooding.
According to the map, which of the following has the least relative hazard from tsunamis?
florida
The storm tracks shown in the figure are named for the
geographic origin or direction of prevailing high winds.
The two waves created from a single wave (as seen in the figures) are called the
local and distant tsunami waves
The parallel transport of sediment by ocean currents is referred to as
longshore drift.
________ is responsible for several of the most devastating natural hazards, including earthquakes and volcanoes.
plate tectonics
The Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed from the _______ of Mount Vesuvius.
pyroclastic flow
the general speed of plate movement per year is approximately equivalent to
rate of some people's hair and fingernail growth.
what is NOT a way to minimize or avoid the effects of natural hazards?
rebuild in the hazard area
The figure demonstrates the process of wave
refraction.
All of the following are direct hazards of ash fall except
richer farming soil
If the pore spaces in the soil are completely filled with water, the soil is
saturated
the plate tectonic theory was not taken seriously until
seafloor spreading was discovered.
an event is considered a natural disaster if
10 or more people are killed
The figure shows an example of
continual change and relocation of a barrier island.
How old is the sun, approximately?
5 billion years old
Which situation would result in the fastest jet stream flow?
60 degrees F and 90 degrees F
The continual migration of meandering rivers is a result of
continual erosion of cutbanks and deposition on point bars.
What is a difference seen between a natural stream and a channelized stream?
A natural stream has a more diverse aquatic life since there are varying water velocities.
Which situation would result in a wildfire to burn more easily?
A south-facing slope in the Northern Hemisphere
_____ and _____ are significant factors in a person's knowledge of the hazard and possible adjustments to it.
Age; length of residence near hazard
What is a natural service function that volcanoes provide?
All are natural service functions of volcanoes.
The figure shows the change in flood damage and flood-control expenditures over the years. What has caused these trends?
There has been an increase in development on floodplains.
Why do we still put in efforts to prevent landslides even though it is so expensive?
There is a high benefit-to-cost ratio and not doing so could be detrimental.
Which is not impacted by the Earth's internal processes?
They are all impacted by the internal processes
what is a major problem with intraplate earthquakes?
They are events called megathrust earthquakes.
What is a problem with building seawalls to protect against a tsunami?
They could lead to a false sense of security if not high enough.
Why do people chose to live in landslide areas?
They do not think it will happen on their hillside since they are so infrequent.
Why may seawalls not be the best way to minimize the effect of coastal hazards?
They generally cause environmental and aesthetic degradation.
Which is not an indication that there are expansive soils in an area?
Upward movement of land surfaces
What are steps we can take to reduce the death and damage associated with severe weather?
Use mitigation techniques and be prepared.
In general, what indicates how severe a thunderstorm will become?
Vertical wind shear
Which is not a reason craters are more common on the moon than the Earth?
Very few meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere.
the fossil evidence displayed in the figure supports the idea of
a supercontinent called pangaea
the risk society or an individual is willing to take depending on the situation is called
acceptable risk.
a local tsunami
can arrive quickly, giving little warning time.
In order to create and sustain a wildfire, you need all the following except
carbon dioxide.
The figure shown is an example of a ______ eruption.
cinder cone
Which is not a way a tsunami hazard can be minimized?
clearing all costal vegetation
Thermokarst has formed in the Arctic due to
climatic warming in the past 5 decades.
Rapid changes in relative seal level can contribute to hazards from
coastal flooding.
The figure shows what type of particle from the solar system?
comet
Mountain systems such as the Himalayans and Appalachians were formed through _________ plate boundaries.
continent-continent convergent
Magma begins to form if rocks are close to their melting temperature and the pressure from above is decreased in the process called
decompression melting.
Subsidence is commonly associated with
dissolution of soluble rocks beneath the surface
If Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, areas of Oregon may experience a
distant tsunami
A ________ plate boundary is when two plates move away from each other and molten rock rises up to fill the gap.
divergent
the three basic type of plate boundaries are
divergent, convergent, transform
The subtropical midlatitude deserts of the world (Sahara, Arabian, Mojave, etc.) are a result of
dry descending air masses.
In the figure, the temperature profile demonstrates the difference in temperature
due to the urban heat island effect.
Which is not an effect of flooding?
earthquake
Tsunamis are most commonly produced by
earthquakes
Which is not an effect of tsunamis?
earthquakes
Approximately two-thirds of all the active volcanoes on Earth are located
within the Ring of Fire.
How did the building of the Glen Canyon Dam affect the Colorado River?
All of these are affects of the dam.
Which is not a potential consequence of sea level rise?
Bleaching of coral reefs
How has human activity lead to an amplification of natural delta subsidence?
Building of levees and dams that prevent sediment to reach the delta
What is a problem with fire suppression?
Buildup of fuel means potential for larger, high-intensity fires
Which is a natural service function of subsidence and soil volume change?
Creating unique ecosystems
what is NOT a natural service function of earthquakes?
Destroy natural underground dams that slow or redirect flows
How is the stability of a slope assessed?
Determining the relationship between driving forces and resisting forces
What is the best adjustment for shorelines with strong currents?
Develop on vegetated coastal areas
What have scientists discovered may help predict hurricane intensity changes?
Development of hot towers
How does the landslide hazard minimizing strategy shown in the figure help prevent landslides?
Divert water away from the slope.
Which is not a way an individual can minimize their landslide hazard?
Do not spend money on expensive preventative measures
Even if a community is "tsunami ready," what is still a potential problem?
Education of the hazard and what to do in a watch or warning
Which is not a way individuals can make adjustments for hurricanes?
Evacuate the area immediately when a watch is issued
What distinguishes flash floods from downstream floods?
Flash floods occur in the upper part of the basin.
Which has not been a cause of mass extinction?
Flooding from tsunami
Which stage of the earthquake cycle may occur only hours or days prior to the next large earthquake but may not always occur?
Foreshock
What is a natural service function of coastal processes?
Form beaches from coastal erosion.
the processes that produce the earth materials, land, water, and atmosphere necessary for survival are collectively known as the
Geologic cycle
Which is not a way to sequester carbon?
Glacier ice in Greenland
How are climate change, subsidence, and soil volume change related?
Global warming is the primary cause of permafrost melting in the Arctic, which in turn releases greenhouse gases that could speed up climate change.
Which is a difference between flaming and glowing/smoldering combustion?
Glowing/smoldering combustion does not require rapid pyrolysis for its growth
Label the phases of a wildfire from left to right for the three parts shown in the figure.
Glowing/smoldering combustion, flaming combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Which is not a way ecosystems will be impacted by global warming in the next 100 years?
Growing seasons will be shortened
What was not an impact of the Great Northern Ice Storm of 1998?
Heavy snowfall trapped many people in their homes
Which is not a way human interference with natural shore processes has caused considerable coastal erosion?
Improperly attaching building materials
why do high-income countries suffer the lowest number of deaths in natural disasters despite having relatively high populations?
Improved warning systems, disaster preparedness, and sanitation post-disaster
The best adjustment to subsidence and soil volume change is to avoid building in the areas prone to these hazards. Why is this not possible?
In the United States and Canada alone, there is a great portion of the land that is affected by at least one of the hazards.
When has the most important evidence for global warming been collected and from what data?
In the past 150 years from proxy evidence
Which of the following is not expected to be caused by global warming?
Increase in years between successive fires at a given location
Which of the following is not a natural service function of wildfires?
Increase microorganism populations in the soil
Which is not an effect of subsidence and soil volume change?
Increased groundwater - table levels to use during droughts
What has turned what was once a disaster into a catastrophe?
Increasing population and poor land-use planning.
What are the three main time periods for which climate data are available for study?
Instrumental, historical, paleo-proxy
Why is the classification and naming of cyclones often debated?
It is based on a combination of science, custom, and politics.
Why was Hurricane Katrina so devastating to New Orleans even though there was ample advance warning and scientists had widely predicted a major hurricane would hit?
It is complex and multifaceted - all of these are reasons
Why is a rip current so dangerous?
It pulls swimmers out to sea in the fast current
If abrupt climate change during the next century is unlikely, why is it important to make changes now?
It takes time to initiate policy changes
Which would create a greater storm surge?
Landfall of a hurricane during low tide
What is the significance of the Tunguska River Valley in Siberia in terms of asteroids?
Large airburst of an asteroid occurred in recent history.
Which is not a characteristic of a Supercell thunderstorm?
Larger than an MCS or a squall line
In which situation would you expect to experience the most shaking from an earthquake?
Located 4 miles from epicenter, on mud, on the path of greatest rupture, M 6.5
Which of the following locations have climates that are favorable to cave formation?
Louisville, KY
Which of the following locations in the United States has the lowest risk of wildfires?
Maine
Which of the following is not a problem associated with glacial and sea ice melting?
Melting sea ice can lead to a rise in sea level.
What is the greatest difficulty in using Global Climate Models for prediction of future climate change?
Modeling future human behavior.
What type of information is NOT used in forecasting volcanic eruptions?
Monitoring the atmospheric pressure
How do humans increase the risk of tsunami hazards?
Moving to the coasts where the effects of tsunamis are greatest.
Which is not a way we have tried to minimize flood hazards?
National adoption of strong floodplain regulation policies
Which of these is not a factor in why Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has more slope-stability problems than any other city of its size?
New vegetation has been planted on the bare slopes, adding weight to the slopes.
Which of these areas is a consequence if the ocean conveyor belt was not present?
Northern Europe would be cooler
Where is the cyclone in the figure located?
Northern Hemisphere
From the given areas, which experiences the highest number of hurricanes?
Northwest Pacific Ocean
which of the following statements is false about P waves?
P waves cause the most of the damage at the epicenter.
What makes flooding a natural hazard?
People live or build structures on the floodplain
what makes a natural earth process a hazard?
People live or work near the process.
How is the intensity for an area determined on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale?
People's perception of shaking and extent of damage.
The band of warm moist air under "Pacific Ocean" in the figure that can feed extratropical cyclones is referred to as the
Pineapple Express.
Which situation would be the least likely to contribute to a potential soil slip?
Planting of native grasses on a previously bare hillside.
Which has the most influence on the consequences of an airburst or direct impact?
Population of the site of airburst or impact
According to the figure, if carbon dioxide emissions were reduced and the peak was during years 2000-2050, when could we expect to see temperatures stabilize?
Possibly in year 2300
The figure shows a zoning map before and after the implementation of flood regulations. What is most likely not a reason for the regulations?
Return the much sought after land to the government for their own development
In what part of a hurricane can you usually find the strongest winds, precipitation, and storm surge for storms making landfall in the northern hemisphere?
Right forward quadrant
What is the role of convection in wildfires?
Rising hot air in the fire pulls in fresh air to fuel the flames.
What are the two basic patterns of movement for slides?
Rotational and translational
scientific investigations of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake led to the identification of which fault?
San Andreas
What is not a mitigation technique?
Shutting down all electric and waste-water systems.
Which is a main reason it is difficult to apply uniformitarianism to understand the current climate processes?
The period of interest (past few centuries to 1000 years ago) is the one that is the most difficult to collect climate data.
Along the same river with no additions or deletions of flow, which situation has the greatest discharge?
The discharge will be the same
The figure shows Jefferson Island and the salt mine and nearby oil drilling rig. What was the end result of this particular oil drilling location?
The drilling penetrated the mine causing mine flooding, lake draining, and other damage
Why have large wildfires in Southern California become more hazardous in the past few hundred years?
The population has doubled in the past 50 years.
what happens as a tsunami nears land?
The height of the waves increases due to a decrease in both water depth and tsunami velocity.
What is a problem with urbanization when it comes to flooding?
The impervious surfaces can increase the frequency of low and intermediate floods.
Why have property damage costs associated with hurricanes increased so dramatically if there is better forecasting?
The increase in coastal populations have put more property in the hazard areas.
Why do scientists believe human activities are contributing to global warming?
The recent warming greatly exceeds the natural variability
What was not a problem associated with the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami?
The small village of Fudai had built a much higher wall than people thought was necessary in the 1960s.
Which is not a factor that affects the damage caused by floods?
The time between floods
According to the figure, what has been the general trend in temperatures over the last 140 years?
They have been increasing.
According to the figure, how have global temperatures changed over the last 800,000 years?
They have increased and decreased many times.
What is a major problem with flood-control measures?
They tend to encourage more people to move into the floodplain
Which is not a linkage between cyclones and other natural hazards?
Tornadoes from storms that do not make landfall
What is the greenhouse effect?
Trapping of heat by water vapor and several other atmospheric gases
What is not an effect of landslides?
Triggering an earthquake.
What is the purpose of a beach budget?
Visualize erosion at a particular beach
Which is not a natural service function of a flood?
Wash away fertilizer used in farming
What is the difference between a tsunami watch and a tsunami warning?
Watch - an earthquake that can cause a tsunami has occurred; Warning - a tsunami has been detected and is spreading across the ocean towards the area.
Which of the following is considered a variable gas?
Water vapor
If you were watching waves from the shore and started counting the seconds between one crest to the next, what would you be measuring?
Wave period
What is the most common driving force of landslides?
Weight
What is a jet stream?
Westerly winds that encircle the globe and play an important role in creating severe weather
If the _______ of the Yellowstone and Long Valley eruptions were experienced today, it would devastate the U.S. economy and food production capabilities, as well as have negative impacts on global climate change.
ash fall
The shaded areas on the map show the _______ of the three labeled volcanoes.
ash fallout areas
Which is not a sinking plate in the "Ring of Fire"?
australian
Human activity can cause earthquakes through all these ways except
building over fault lines.
Crater Lake (shown in the figure) is an example of a _______.
continental caldera
the lava lamp illustrates the important internal earth process of
convection.
When neither plate is dense enough to sink into the asthenosphere, the result is a ______ plate boundary.
convergent collision
The "year without a summer" in New England was a result of the Tambora volcano creating what?
global cloud of sulfuric acid droplets
The first change in wildfire behavior was seen when
grasses evolved and spread across the land.
Which is not a secondary effect of earthquakes?
ground shaking
which is not a type of seismic wave?
ground wave
the hawaiian islands were created from
hot spots
What method was used on the Icelandic Island of Heimaey to deflect the lava flow from the main town?
hydraulic chilling
the figure demonstrates the
hydrologic cycle
The most intense rainfall of a hurricane occurs
in the eyewall.
climate change is likely to affect natural hazards in the future by
increasing their severity and frequency
Emotional distress, donation of money or goods, and payment of taxes levied to finance recovery are examples of ________ of a disaster.
indirect effects
Relative humidity normally increases at night because
it is usually cooler at night and cold air has the capacity to hold less water vapor than warm air.
The figure shown, with rolling hills and alternating areas of subsidence and undisturbed land, is an example of
karst topography
Possible increases in the flooding of the Yangtze River due to the basin losing about 85 percent of its forest to timber harvesting and conversion of land to agriculture is an example of
land-use changes affecting the magnitude and frequency of an event.
convergent collision of two plate boundaries create some of the highest topography in the world which in turn can lead to what natural hazards?
landslides
In the figure, the change in water phases water shown are a result of ______.
latent heat being absorbed or released.
Why was the 1994 Northridge earthquake (M 6.7) in California 20 times as costly as the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake (M 9.2)?
many more human-made structures in the area
A particle from the solar system that strikes the Earth is called a
meteorite
As seen in the figure, to describe the rocks that are displaced across faults, geologists use ____ terminology.
mining
The most appropriate scale to use to compare earthquakes around the world is the
moment magnitude scale
The figures show the before and after of what volcano?
mount st. helens
Many areas at risk for high landslide incidence shown in red on the figure coincide with
mountainous/high elevation areas.
The figure is most likely a cross section of a river
near its headwaters.
In which of the following faults does the hanging-wall move down relative to the footwall?
normal dip-slip fault
Tsunamis, fires, landslides, and debris flows are all examples of ________ of volcanic activity.
secondary effects
Downslope movements are classified according to all these variables except
shape of slope.
The fault in the figure is caused by ________ stress.
shearing
The largest type of volcanoes - common in the Hawaiian Islands, Iceland, and in the East African Rift - are _______ volcanoes.
shield
The greatest earthquakes with magnitudes over 9 are usually associated with
subduction zones
why is in important to understand the perceptions of those affected by the hazard?
success of hazard reduction programs depends on their attitudes
The creation and movement of a hydrophobic layer in the soil (shown in the figure) can increase the occurrence of ________ after a wildfire.
surface runoff and soil erosion
Slow damage to roads, sidewalks, building foundations, and other structures such as that shown in the figure is a result of a process called
tectonic creep
The deflection of winds shown in the figure is a result of
the Coriolis effect.
Tornadoes are more common in the United States than in any other location on Earth due to
the United States having just the right combination of weather, topography, and geographic location.
A hurricane category on the Saffir-Simpson Scale is determined by
the average 1-minute wind speed.
Although further from the epicenter than other areas, the darker orange areas in the figure experienced the most severe shaking from the Loma Prieta Earthquake because
the bay shore consists of natural deposits of mud and bay fill.
Besides the lack of a warning system, a major reason many lives were lost in the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami was
the lack of knowledge /education on tsunamis and their behavior.
A massive forest fire that causes more damage than a small, contained one but occurs less frequently is an example of
the magnitude-frequency concept.
natural hazards can be identified and studied using
the scientific method
The size of waves in the ocean or on a lake depend on
the speed and duration of the wind and length of the fetch.
the given figure shows (its a wavy looking graph and has emergency at top)
the stages of recovery after a disaster.
in the figure of the age of the ocean floor, the distribution of age is consistent with
the theory of seafloor spreading
Cyclones are classified as tropical or extratropical based on
their place of origin and temperature of their core region.
Saying that a flood is a 100-year flood means that
there is a 1 percent probability that this size of flood will occur in any given year.
The heat-transfer process of convection is important in
transfer of atmospheric heat in thunderstorms.
______ plate boundaries are most common within oceanic crust, but a very well-known continental one is the San Andreas in California.
transform
If predictions of earthquakes were possible, the predictions would be based on all except
unusual animal behavior
Lava and other volcanic materials are extruded on to the surface through a
volcanic vent