Chapter 1, 2

Two theories that view development as both continuous and discontinuous are ________ and ________. A. social learning theory; information processing B. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory; the dynamic systems perspective C. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; ecological systems theory D. the psychoanalytic perspective; behaviorism

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory; the dynamic systems perspective

Which question might be asked by a researcher in the field of evolutionary developmental psychology? A. What role does early helping and sharing behavior play in the development of uniquely human cooperative skills? B. What impact does early rearing in deprived orphanages have on brain development and cognitive, emotional, and social skills? C. What strategies do younger and older children use to remember new information? D. Which neural systems underlie adolescent risk-taking behavior?

What role does early helping and sharing behavior play in the development of uniquely human cooperative skills?

A research study finds that young children whose parents routinely read bedtime stories to them are advanced in language development over children whose parents rarely read bedtime stories. This study illustrates ________. A. a cause-and-effect relationship B. a field experiment C. random assignment D. a correlational design

a correlational design

n the vast majority of cases, Down syndrome results from ________. A. a shortage in the total number of X chromosomes B. the inheritance of an extra Y chromosome C. the inheritance of a twenty-fourth pair of chromosomes D. a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

The most consistent asset of resilient children is ________. A. an emotionally reactive temperament B. a strong bond with a competent, caring adult C. frequent interaction with rule-abiding peers D. access to average-quality community resources

a strong bond with a competent, caring adult

Which statement is consistent with children's research rights? A. Children, but not the adults responsible for them, have the right to be informed of research results in language they understand. B. School-age children, but not infants and preschoolers, have the right to discontinue participation in research at any time. C. If an experimental treatment is found to be beneficial, children in control groups have the right to the same or an alternative beneficial treatment. D. Parents and children, except those younger than age 8, have the right to explanations of all aspects of the research that may affect their willingness to participate.

If an experimental treatment is found to be beneficial, children in control groups have the right to the same or an alternative beneficial treatment.

Strong commitment to the Hispanic cultural ideal of familism ________. A. has virtually disappeared in recent generations of parents B. strengthens over the teenager years as Hispanic youths spend less time with family members C. Is linked to positive parent-child interaction and children's social competence D. exists only in families in which grandparents have taken over day-to-day parenting responsibilities

Is linked to positive parent-child interaction and children's social competence

Which perspective maintains that development is discontinuous? A. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory B. information processing C. ecological systems theory D. social learning theory

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory

According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children ________. A. reason in much the same way adults do B. reason illogically until they reach adolescence C. actively construct knowledge D. passively acquire knowledge

actively construct knowledge

Central to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory is the biological concept of ________. A. operant conditioning B. plasticity C. behaviorism D. adaptation

adaptation

Learning and emotional difficulties in adopted children are greater in those ________. A. with a preadoption history of parental affection B. who identify strongly with their culture of origin C. adopted at older ages D. adopted from foreign countries

adopted at older ages

Forty-two-year-old Mi Ling is 15 weeks pregnant with her first child. Because of her age, her doctor is concerned about risk of chromosomal abnormalities. Which prenatal diagnostic method will the doctor most likely recommend for Mi Ling? A. preimplantation genetic diagnosis B. ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging C. fetoscopy D. amniocentesis

amniocentesis

Research suggests that regular family mealtimes are a general indicator of ________. A. parental multitasking while caring for children B. an organized family life and positive parent involvement C. disruption in other parent-child routines D. limited parental emotional and financial resources

an organized family life and positive parent involvement

To avoid violating the promise to participating children that their responses will remain confidential, researchers should tell children in advance that ________. A. parents and school officials are exceptions to the researcher's confidentiality promise B. they will be debriefed if the researcher's confidentiality promise cannot be kept C. any responses they give that suggest their safety is at risk must be reported to an appropriate adult D. they should not disclose information about anyone who is harming them or threatening to do so

any responses they give that suggest their safety is at risk must be reported to an appropriate adult

As a group, affluent parents ________. A. eat dinner with their children far more often than low-SES parents do B. are lax with their children and have low expectations for achievement and behavior C. are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents coping with serious financial strain D. value character over personal accomplishments in their children

are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents coping with serious financial strain

Immigrant youths whose parents face considerable financial hardship and who speak little English ________. A. are successful academically only when they separate themselves from their ethnic community B. tend to have low self-esteem even when they achieve well in school C. rarely encounter racial or ethnic prejudices outside their ethnic community D. are often successful academically because of family values and strong ethnic-community ties

are often successful academically because of family values and strong ethnic-community ties

Gene-environment interaction shows that ________. A. because of each child's unique genetic makeup, children respond differently to the same environment B. environmental factors are primarily involved in personality traits, whereas heredity plays a greater role in intelligence C. the relationship between heredity and environment is bidirectional D. heredity influences the environments to which children are exposed

because of each child's unique genetic makeup, children respond differently to the same environment

During early childhood, children _____. a. take their first independent steps, shifting toward greater autonomy b. become more self-controlled and self-sufficient c. master new adult like responsibilities d. focus on defining personal values and goals

become more self-controlled and self-sufficient

John Locke viewed the child as a tabula rasa. According to this philosophy, children ________. A. are primarily influenced by heredity B. begin as nothing at all, and are shaped by experience C. actively learn by interacting with their environment D. display discontinuous development

begin as nothing at all, and are shaped by experience

Which theory emphasizes nurture only? A. dynamic systems theory B. ecological systems theory C. information processing D. behaviorism

behaviorism

Epigenesis views the relationship between heredity and environment as ____________. A. additive B. correlational C. bidirectional D. interactive

bidirectional

Three-year-old Jonah cries often, throws tantrums, and has unpredictable eating and sleeping habits. Jonah's mother frequently responds to his behavior with anger and harshness, which causes Jonah to act out even more. This is an example of ________ within the family. A. bidirectional influences B. niche-picking C. third-party influences D. passive correlation

bidirectional influences

Eight-year-old Elaina is a candidate for a research study. For Elaina to participate, who should be asked to provide informed consent/assent? A. both Elaina and her parents B. Elaina only C. Elaina's parents only D. an institutional review board (IRB)

both Elaina and her parents

In X-linked inheritance, ________ are more likely to inherit recessive disorders carried on the ________. A. girls; autosomes B. girls; X chromosome C. boys; X chromosome D. boys; autosomes

boys; X chromosome

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, a parent's workplace ________. A. has little impact on children's relationships with their parents and other caregivers B. plays the role of a third party in the bidirectional relationship between parent and child C. can support family functioning through practices such as paid parental leave D. is a static force that affects the children of all employees in a uniform way

can support family functioning through practices such as paid parental leave

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental research designs, investigators sometimes use sequential designs, which ________. A. reflect unique experiences associated with a particular culture B. rule out longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons C. can uncover cohort effects, which help explain diversity in development D. reveal the long-term consequences of extreme personality styles

can uncover cohort effects, which help explain diversity in development

During medieval times, ________. A. childhood was regarded as a separate period of life B. children were viewed as small adults C. children were dressed in stiff, uncomfortable clothing D. laws existed that allowed adults to mistreat children

childhood was regarded as a separate period of life

Research stimulated by the dynamic systems perspective reveals that ________. A. teenagers' changing bodies immediately induce positive, reorganized family communication B. different skills are usually similar in maturity within the same child C. children often master skills such as walking and talking in unique ways D. development undergoes continuous but not stagewise transformations

children often master skills such as walking and talking in unique ways

Serious diseases rarely result from dominant alleles because ________. A. genetic diseases are carried only on recessive alleles B. children who inherit the dominant allele seldom live long enough to reproduce C. regulator genes dilute the effects of harmful dominant alleles D. dominance requires that the same allele be inherited from each parent

children who inherit the dominant allele seldom live long enough to reproduce

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the environment is ever-changing—a feature captured by the ________. A. macrosystem B. microsystem C. exosystem D. chronosystem

chronosystem

In longitudinal research, children who witnessed the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, because they were near Ground Zero were far more likely than other children to display persistent emotional problems. This example illustrates that ________ can occur when specific experiences influence only some children within the same generation. A. cohort effects B. practice effects C. biased sampling D. age-related changes

cohort effects

In one investigation, researchers followed three adolescent cohorts, each born a year apart, over three years to see if family harmony changed as the participants experienced dramatic physical and psychological changes. After ruling out ________, the researchers concluded from this ________ design that family closeness declines steadily from sixth to tenth grade. A. biased sampling; correlational B. practice effects; longitudinal C. cohort effects: sequential D. cohort effects; cross-sectional

cohort effects: sequential

Research on child development ______. a. is conducted almost entirely by psychologists b. combines contributions from many fields of study c. emphasizes common changes across all societies d. rarely offers practical solutions to problems

combines contributions from many fields of study

Research confirms the ________ in promoting resilience. A. overriding role of children's genetically influenced traits B. weak role of children's intelligence and socially valued talents C. complex connections between children's personal traits and rearing experiences D. independence of children's personal dispositions and social supports

complex connections between children's personal traits and rearing experiences

Sanjay and Rita are a happily married couple with three children. The family has dinner together most evenings, and the parents routinely attend their children's activities, encouraging their participation. Sanjay and Rita are effectively ________. A. promoting externalizing difficulties B. relying on third parties C. coparenting D. adapting to a subculture

coparenting

The Better Beginnings, Better Futures Project of Ontario, Canada, ________. A. yielded gains in children's academic performance but failed to reduce adolescent problem behaviors B. countered the effects of poverty by strengthening community capacity to provide development-enhancing environments for children and families C. intervened directly to promote family functioning and effective parenting, with substantial success D. targeted lawmakers in an effort to get them to strengthen social programs for poverty-stricken children and families

countered the effects of poverty by strengthening community capacity to provide development-enhancing environments for children and families

With respect to genomic imprinting, ________. A. genes subjected to it typically disrupt brain development and physical health B. genes subjected to it typically lead to enhanced athletic skills C. though large numbers of genes are affected, they are rarely passed to the next generation D. its consequences for development result from silencing of both members of allele pairs

genes subjected to it typically disrupt brain development and physical health

Lydia and Daniel would like to have a child but are concerned about a genetically influenced psychological disorder that runs in Daniel's family. Before conceiving, which procedure can help them assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder? A. gene therapy B. ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging C. genetic engineering D. genomewide testing for genetic markers

genomewide testing for genetic markers

Bandura is unique among theorists whose work grew out of the behaviorist tradition because he ________. A. granted children an active role in their own learning B. replaced his social cognitive-approach with a social learning approach C. believed that operant conditioning is supremely important in development D. disregarded the role of cognition in children's modeling of others' behavior

granted children an active role in their own learning

A shortcoming of the information-processing approach is that it ________. A. has had little to say about aspects of cognition that are not linear and logical B. focuses almost exclusively on executive processes, neglecting other aspects of cognition C. has offered few implications for the education of children D. has had difficulty analyzing thinking into its components

has had little to say about aspects of cognition that are not linear and logical

When it comes to adopting public policies to safeguard children and youths, the United States ________. A. has lagged behind other developed nations, in part due to its valuing of self-reliance B. has designed and implemented some of the world's most progressive and highest quality child-care programs C. ranks first on measures of children's health and well-being D. has attained public consensus on important issues and the funding to implement needed programs

has lagged behind other developed nations, in part due to its valuing of self-reliance

A growing number of theorists believe that ________. A. viewing child development from a developmental systems perspective is misleading B. neither continuous nor discontinuous developmental change occurs in the vast majority of children C. the relative impact of early and later experiences is constant across domains of development D. heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other to modify traits and capacities

heredity and environment each affect the potential of the other to modify traits and capacities

The first successful intelligence test, devised by Binet and Simon, was constructed for the purpose of ________. A. developing a theory of cognitive development B. resolving the nature-nurture controversy C. identifying gifted and talented children D. identifying children with learning problems

identifying children with learning problems

An important way that family-neighborhood ties reduce parenting stress and promote children's development is by provision of social support, which ________. A. helps parents adjust their overly high self-worth to realistic levels B. generally convinces parents to take full responsibility for child rearing C. includes parental role models of effective parenting practices D. results in higher-quality neighborhood schools

includes parental role models of effective parenting practices

Older paternal age is linked to ________ in offspring. A. heightened risk of sickle cell anemia B. increased incidence of autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder C. increased incidence of asthma and hay fever D. most cases of Down syndrome

increased incidence of autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder

With respect to human genetic sex determination, ________. A. individuals' inherited sex chromosomes always match their sexual anatomy B. scientists have isolated a gene on the X chromosome responsible for genetic sex C. individuals born with intersex traits have led to sex being redefined as a spectrum D. genetic sex depends on whether an X-bearing or Y-bearing ovum is fertilized

individuals born with intersex traits have led to sex being redefined as a spectrum

Phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates that ________. A. maternal age is a strong predictor of recessive disorders B. most disorders are inherited from the father rather than the mother C. inheriting unfavorable genes does not always lead to an untreatable condition D. inherited disorders are usually due to incomplete dominance

inheriting unfavorable genes does not always lead to an untreatable condition

Structured observations are especially useful for studying behavior that ________ real-world, everyday contexts. A. differs in the laboratory compared to B. can be controlled in C. is difficult to observe in D. can be observed easily in

is difficult to observe in

Which statement accurately expresses a major criticism of heritability estimates? A. Twinning is too infrequent an occurrence to yield an adequate sample size for computing heritabilities. B. The daily experiences of twin pairs are often too discrepant to permit heritabilities to be computed. C. They have been inappropriately used to suggest a genetic basis for ethnic differences in intelligence. D. They often exaggerate the role of the environment in development.

they have been inappropriately used to suggest a genetic basis for ethnic differences in intelligence

Behaviorism and social learning theory have been criticized for ________. A. presenting concepts that are difficult or impossible to test empirically B. paying insufficient attention to development beyond adolescence C. paying insufficient attention to social and cultural influences on development D. underestimating people's contributions to their own development

underestimating people's contributions to their own development

Ethnographic research reveals that immigrant parents ________. A. stress individual goals over allegiance to family and community B. have great difficulty persuading their adolescent children to avoid risky behaviors C. take personal credit for their children's academic achievement and other successes D. view education as the surest way to improve life chances

view education as the surest way to improve life chances

A major limitation of the clinical interview is that ________. A. it does not yield the same depth of information as a structured interview B. participants may not accurately report their thoughts, feelings, and experiences C. it cannot provide insights into the multiplicity of factors affecting development D. researchers often must use rewards to elicit participants' points of view

participants may not accurately report their thoughts, feelings, and experiences

With respect to ethical concerns in research, if any risks to the safety and welfare of participants outweigh the worth of the research for advancing knowledge and improving life conditions, then preference is always given to the ________. A. participants' interests B. researchers' interests C. views of uninvolved developmental scientists D. views of officials in schools, hospitals, or other relevant institutions

participants' interests

A limitation of Piaget's theory is that it ________. A. pays insufficient attention to variations in thinking among same-age children B. overemphasizes the power of adult teaching to enhance children's thinking C. underestimates the active role children play in their own development D. posits a sequence of stages that are too vague to be tested empirically

pays insufficient attention to variations in thinking among same-age children

According to Bandura's revised social learning theory, children develop ________ and ________ by watching others engage in self-praise and self-blame and through feedback about their own actions. A. personal standards; a sense of self-efficacy B. imitative skills; social cognitions C. reflexive behaviors; conditioned responses D. early motor skills; emotional reactions

personal standards; a sense of self-efficacy

The three broad domains into which child development is often divided are ________, ___________, and __________. a. social; genetic; environmental b. practical; emotional; mental and intellectual c. physical; cognitive; emotional and social d. emotional; social; interpersonal

physical; cognitive; emotional and social

Developmental neuroscience research has so captivated the field that it ________. A. poses the risk that brain properties will be granted undue importance in explaining development B. has nearly replaced the information-processing perspective C. risks overemphasizing the roles of parenting and education in development D. has revealed nearly all there is to know about factors that support or undermine brain development

poses the risk that brain properties will be granted undue importance in explaining development

To protect against the influence of confounding variables in experimental studies, researchers use ________. A. field and natural experiments B. structured observations and interviews C. random assignment and matching D. experimental and developmental designs

random assignment and matching

Methylation affects gene expression by ________. A. uncoupling unfavorable gene-environment correlations B. reducing or silencing the expression of a gene C. disrupting separation of chromosomes during meiosis D. triggering the action of regulator genes

reducing or silencing the expression of a gene

G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, ________. A. were primarily interested in studying children with exceptional talents B. developed theories that were the forerunners of the psychoanalytic perspective C. discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species D. regarded development as a genetically determined, maturational process

regarded development as a genetically determined, maturational process

Observations by ethologists have shown that many aspects of children's social behavior ________. A. contradict the notion of sensitive periods in development B. could not have arisen through evolutionary processes C. have little to no value in promoting survival D. resemble those of our primitive relatives

resemble those of our primitive relatives

A researcher interested in children's motivation following failure wants to conduct a study in which some first graders are given false feedback about their performance on math quizzes. Ethical standards require that before initiating a study with this deceptive procedure, the researcher must ________. A. satisfy her institutional review board that the deception is necessary B. make sure that no emotionally vulnerable children are included in the sample C. debrief the children and ensure that they will not be emotionally harmed D. obtain consent of the school principal, in addition to the children's assent

satisfy her institutional review board that the deception is necessary

Vygotsky viewed development as a ________, in which children depend on assistance from others as they tackle new challenges. A. socially mediated process B. biologically motivated process C. complex system of relationships D. symbol-manipulating system

socially mediated process

Freud's psychosexual theory, although widely discredited today, is important in that it was the first theory to ________. A. point out that early development must be understood in relation to the individual's culture B. stress the influence of the early parent-child relationship on development C. investigate relationships between childhood intelligence and personality D. directly study children in varying national contexts

stress the influence of the early parent-child relationship on development

In a study of the impact of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi people of Rwanda, researchers found that children of trauma-exposed mothers, compared to those of nonexposed mothers, displayed ________ methylation of the GR gene and ________ cortisol levels, plus ________ PTSD and depression scores. A. stronger; higher; higher B. weaker; lower; higher C. stronger; lower; higher D. weaker; higher; lower

stronger; lower; higher

Theories that accept the discontinuous perspective ________. a. view the development as taking place in stages b. regard the individual's context as unimportant c. view development in terms of increasing amount or complexity d. do not rely on scientific information

view the development as taking place in stages

According to the dynamic systems view, development is best conceived as a ________. A. web of fibers, each representing an advancing skill, branching out in many directions B. staircase with each step corresponding to a more mature way of functioning C. series of nested, interrelated environmental layers that form an ever-changing system D. flowchart depicting a symbol-manipulating system performing mental operations

web of fibers, each representing an advancing skill, branching out in many directions

The psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research because psychoanalytic theorists ________. A. were so committed to the clinical approach that they failed to consider other methods B. were overly focused on adult behavior to the neglect of children's development C. placed too much emphasis on the impact of culture on children's development D. refused to conduct any research out of fear that their ideas would not be confirmed

were so committed to the clinical approach that they failed to consider other methods

Researchers who adopt a dynamic systems perspective try to find out how children attain new levels of organization by ________. A. investigating how children navigate a single line of stagewise or continuous change B. designing flow charts to map the precise steps children use to complete tasks C. studying behavior while children are in transition to more complex, effective skills D. bringing together investigators from psychology, biology, and medicine

studying behavior while children are in transition to more complex, effective skills

Darwin's emphasis on ________ found its way into important developmental theories. A. age-related changes in information processing B. basic psychosocial conflicts C. the nature-nurture controversy D. the adaptive value of physical characteristics and behavior

the adaptive value of physical characteristics and behavior

Which research method provides richly detailed case narratives offering valuable insights into factors affecting development? A. structured observation B. the clinical, or case study, method C. naturalistic observation D. structured interviews

the clinical, or case study, method

A researcher who wants to uncover the cultural meanings of the behaviors of children and adults would most likely use ________. A. the ethnographic method B. the clinical, or case study, method C. questionnaires in participants' native language D. structured observations

the ethnographic method

A growing consensus among researchers in behavioral genetics maintains that ________. A. genetic and environmental influences must be considered separately B. the important question is how heredity and environment work together C. environment is the primary influence on development D. heredity is the primary influence on development

the important question is how heredity and environment work together

Which example illustrates passive gene-environment correlation? A. Mateo, a talented musician, enrolls his preschool child in music lessons. B. Lynn and Laurie, identical twins who are both well-behaved, excellent students, are treated with similar warmth and approval by their parents. C. Darren, a cooperative, attentive child, receives more sensitive parenting than his inattentive, distractible brother. D. Luciana, a well-coordinated fifth grader, chooses to spend more time at after-school sports than her inactive, studious sister.

Mateo, a talented musician, enrolls his preschool child in music lessons.

A researcher wants to study children's reactions to everyday stressors using naturalistic observation. Which statement expresses a major limitation of this research method? A. Not all children have equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest. B. Findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied. C. Only a single observation on a single participant can be gathered at a time. D. Naturalistic observation is unable to capture real-world, everyday behavior

Not all children have equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.

________ is a well-known example of incomplete dominance. A. Diabetes B. Phenylketonuria (PKU) C. The sickle cell trait D. Hemophilia

The sickle cell trait

Which statement is true about the development of twins? A. Heredity plays a major role in identical twinning. B. Young twins are generally healthier and develop more rapidly than children of single births. C. Though slower to develop than their agemates, twins usually catch up by middle childhood. D. In vitro fertilization is a major cause of the dramatic rise in identical twinning in industrialized nations.

Though slower to develop than their agemates, twins usually catch up by middle childhood.

Paige is a shy 15-year-old who tries to avoid social encounters with unfamiliar people. Compared with her outgoing, socially confident friend Krista, who is also 15, Paige is ________. A. likely to undergo a sudden transformation in her style of relating to others B. developing in different contexts from Krista, based on unique personal and environmental circumstances C. developing in the same contexts as Krista but responding very differently to them D. at an earlier stage of development because she has not yet mastered essential social skills

developing in different contexts from Krista, based on unique personal and environmental circumstances

An experimental design permits inferences about cause and effect because the researcher ________. A. gathers information on participants over an extended period of time B. gathers information on participants without altering their experiences C. directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable D. directly controls or manipulates changes in the dependent variable

directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable

Unlike Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach does not ________. A. view children as active, sense-making beings B. focus on the impact of culture on development C. use rigorous research methods to study children's thinking D. divide children's development into stages

divide children's development into stages

Rapid progress in the field of developmental neuroscience is contributing to ________. A. ethical dilemmas about how best to study children's brain activity B. an understanding of economic inequalities in families and communities C. greater clarity on cognitive functioning than social functioning D. effective interventions for enhancing cognitive and social functioning

effective interventions for enhancing cognitive and social functioning

Theorists who emphasize stability in children's development as due to ________ usually point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior. A. cultural values B. heredity C. environment D. plasticity

environment

A researcher believes that both nature and nurture influence development and that in sensitive periods, early experiences set the course of later development. What theoretical perspective is this researcher expressing? A. ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology B. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory C. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory D. social learning theory

ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology

Longitudinal studies permit investigators to ________. A. track participants' behavior over a few hours B. identify whether cohort effects are operating C. examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors D. overcome participant dropout and practice effects

examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors

Young children conceived through donor insemination or in vitro fertilization ________. A. often experience a cold, rejecting style of child rearing and are poorly adjusted B. are, by adolescence, far better adjusted than their counterparts who were naturally conceived C. generally react favorably as long as parents wait until they are age 10 or older to tell them how they were conceived D. experience somewhat warmer caregiving than their counterparts who were naturally conceived

experience somewhat warmer caregiving than their counterparts who were naturally conceived

Researchers randomly assigned poverty-stricken families with a 2-year-old to either a home-based intervention called the Family Check-Up or a control group. They then assessed the impact of the intervention on child problem behaviors and academic achievement when the children reached school age. This study combines two research designs: ________ and ________. A. correlational; microgenetic B. field experiment; longitudinal C. correlational; cross-sectional D. natural experiment; longitudinal

field experiment; longitudinal

Fetal medical procedures, such as blood transfusions and surgery, ________. A. are advised only when there is a family history of medical problems B. are used routinely to correct even minor developmental problems C. frequently result in complications, the most common being premature labor and miscarriage D. are used only after parents receive intensive counseling in how to make an informed decision about each procedure

frequently result in complications, the most common being premature labor and miscarriage

The United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child is a legal agreement that commits cooperating countries to work toward guaranteeing environments that foster children's development, protect them from harm, and enhance their community participation and self-determination. The United States ________. A. had no input in developing the Convention but was among the first nations to ratify it B. was both a leader in drawing up the Convention and the first country to ratify it C. is the only country in the world whose legislature has not ratified the Convention D. has already met and exceeded all of the Convention's outlined goals

is the only country in the world whose legislature has not ratified the Convention

One disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that ________. A. participants benefit from practice effects, leading to biased developmental findings B. it does not permit examination of age-related differences C. participants are likely to drop out before the study is complete D. it does not permit researchers to study individual developmental trends

it does not permit researchers to study individual developmental trends

Because longitudinal research conducted over multiple years requires large investments of time, effort, and resources, researchers are increasingly answering questions about development using ________. A. case studies on individuals of differing ages B. large, multipurpose longitudinal data banks, which any researcher can access C. microgenetic studies, which take less time to complete D. cross-sectional investigations with small but carefully chosen samples

large, multipurpose longitudinal data banks, which any researcher can access

Although humans have far fewer genes than scientists once thought, they nevertheless develop into complex beings, due to the ________. A. impact of multiple DNA base pairs on every human trait B. many millions of proteins human genes can make C. lack of shared genetic makeup with other mammals, especially primates D. resistance of human gene expression to modification by environmental factors

many millions of proteins human genes can make

Behaviorism, social learning theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, ecological systems theory, and the dynamic systems perspective all emphasize ________. A. only one possible course of development B. nature over nurture C. both nature and nurture D. many possible courses of development

many possible courses of development

Contemporary theorists believe the contexts that shape development are _______. a. unimportant in the early years but more important later b. similar across most children c. many-layered and complex d. especially influential in non-Western village societies

many-layered and complex

Eighteenth century French philosopher Rousseau's view of children includes two concepts— ________ and ________—that remain influential in contemporary theories. A. equilibrium; imprinting B. social mediation; culture C. maturation; stage D. sensitive period; adaptation

maturation; stage

In a(n) ________ design, the researcher presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. A. sequential B. cross-sectional C. experimental D. microgenetic

microgenetic

In an experiment addressing the impact of cartoons with violent content on children's aggression, researchers randomly assigned 4-year-olds to either a violent cartoon-viewing condition or a nonviolent cartoon-viewing condition for 30 minutes per day for one month. Then the researchers observed the children for instances of aggressive behavior in preschool. In this experiment, a possible confounding variable might be ________. A. more children who enjoy art ending up in the violent cartoon-viewing condition B. more aggressive children ending up in the nonviolent cartoon-viewing condition C. violent cartoon content in one of the experimental conditions D. nonviolent cartoon content in one of the experimental conditions

more aggressive children ending up in the nonviolent cartoon-viewing condition

Unlike Freud, Erikson pointed out that normal development ________. A. must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation B. is a continuous process and does not occur in stages C. is fully explained by the ego mediating between the id and the superego D. requires the child's mind and body to form an integrated system

must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation

Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to ________. A. neglect the biological side of child development B. focus on children's capacity to shape their own development C. reject Piaget's concept of developmental stages D. view the child as developing within a complex system of relationships

neglect the biological side of child development

Negative developmental outcomes linked to poverty are higher in rural than urban communities because ________ in rural areas. A. ethnic minorities make up a higher percentage of the population B. neighborhood disorganization is greater and community services are scarcer C. homelessness is more prevalent D. many more single-parent families with young children reside

neighborhood disorganization is greater and community services are scarcer

Research on family chaos reveals that it is ________. A. contributes to high anxiety and low self-esteem but not to behavior problems in children B. more common in economically advantaged families in which parents are reluctant to multitask C. cannot occur as long as parents and children engage in joint activities, such as family meals D. often linked to stressful exosystem forces, such as parental workplace pressures

often linked to stressful exosystem forces, such as parental workplace pressures