Chapter 1-7 Labor Relations Management

"Employees' often represent the least significant participant category in the labor relations process since their actions are controlled by union leaders and/or management officials. T or F

False

A good example of a work rule in the Health Care industry is that bilingual employees do not receive additional compensation for this skill. T or F

False

Arbitrators differ from mediators because arbitrators are almost always appointed by the government to resolve strikes in the private sector. T or F

False

Events such as the Haymarket Riot, the Homestead Incident, and the Pullman Strike helped organized labor. T or F

False

From management's perspective, phase one of the labor relations process may be the most important phase of the phases involved in the labor relations process. T or F

False

Many of today's fastest growing occupations are on opposite ends of the level of education and skills required for effective job performance. T or F

True

One of the reasons for the decline of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), was its alienation of the news media and government officials. T or F

True

Public opinion can affect one or more phases of the labor relations process, as well as the content of negotiated work rules. T or F

True

Samuel Gompers, AFL president, proclaimed the Clayton Act to be the Magna Charta of U.S. labor; however, the Clayton Act hurt union growth more than it helped. T or F

True

Significant employee pension and health care benefit gains under union contracts are now referred to as "high legacy costs" by unionized employers. T or F

True

The "civil conspiracy" doctrine held that a group involved in concerted activities was unlawful if harm was inflicted on customers or other employees. T or F

True

The emphasis on advancing employees' short-term economic and job security interests have remained the focus of organized labor since World War II. T or F

True

The skills, wage levels, and availability of employees in a relevant labor market can affect negotiated work rules. T or F

True

The trend toward multi-year labor agreements after World War II put pressure on union leaders to safeguard wage increases against the possibility of increases in the inflation rate. T or F

True

The work rules category that governs compensation in all its forms also may specify performance standards, promotion qualifications and procedures, and layoff procedures. T or F

True

The yellow-dog contract guaranteed that employees would neither join a union nor assist in organizing one. T or F

True

The CIO split from the AFL because of the CIO's emphasis on organizing _______in mass production ______.

organizing employees in mass-production industries.

What percentage of the eligible voters usually vote in NLRB elections?

90%

A feature that distinguishes the business agent of a craft union from the president of an industrial union is that he/she _____ the Union _____ hall.

Administers the union hiring hall.

Under the NLRA, the group of employees that has a choice on whether to be included in a mixed bargaining unit is _______.

Professionals

Agricultural laborers are specifically excluded from coverage under the Labor Management Relations Act. T or F

True

Certain union security provisions cannot be negotiated in states with right-to-work laws. T or F

True

One general category of work rules pertains to employees' and employers' job rights and obligations, such as no employee strike or employer lockouts. T or F

True

Two major bargaining issues since World War II have been adjustments to technological change and safeguards against inflation. T or F

True

Which of the following is not a goal of the union? a. for the company to receive a favorable return on investment b. for the company to survive and remain competitive c. for the company to attract, retain, and motivate employees d. to obtain commitment that there will be no lockout e. all of these are goals of the union

all of these are goals of the union

Motivated by a need for stronger bargaining positions, a desire to avoid jurisdictional disputes, the decline for some U.S. industries, and the need for self-preservation, unions choose: a. amalgamation. b. affiliation. c. absorption. d. conglomeration. e. amalgamation or absorption.

amalgamation or absorption.

Illegal discharge of employees who are union advocates usually does not decrease the probability of a successful unionization. T or F

False

Samuel Gompers' efforts paid off in spectacular growth in membership in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). T or F

False

One party is willing to meet at length and confer but merely goes through the motions of bargaining. Proposals are made that cannot be accepted, an inflexible attitude on major issues is taken, and no alternative proposals are offered. This scenario best describes: ______ bargaining.

Surface bargaining.

The NLRB has upheld the right of the union to discipline union members who actively participate in the campaign to decertify the union as long as the action does not affect employment status. T or F

True

The National Labor Relations Board's regional director and staff work with the General Counsel to investigate ULP charges. T or F

True

The merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955 has minimized raiding between the two organizations, but has not resulted in an increase in union membership or political influence. T of F

True

The monetary value of employee benefits provided by unionized employers exceeds the value of employee benefits provided by nonunion employers. T or F

True

The potential advantages of a merger of two unions, compared with the risks of not merging, suggest that mergers of unions will continue in the future. T or F

True

The proportion of an employer's total operating costs comprised of labor costs is termed the degree of labor intensiveness. T or F

True

In the Chamberlain and Kuhn bargaining power model, one party's bargaining power can be conceptualized as equal to the other party's cost of _____ ____ the proposed settlement terms divided by their cost of _____ to such terms.

Disagreeing with; agreeing

Labor market wage surveys measure how the job content, method of payment, regularity of employment, supplemental unemployment benefits, vacations, pensions, and holidays vary from company to company. T or F

False

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal administrative agency under the Norris-LaGuardia Act. T or F

False

The bargaining unit is the team formed by management to solve labor issues within the company. T or F

False

The technology of a particular workplace is not an influence on the creation of work rules. T or F

False

Employers actively opposed unions after World War I by supporting the open-shop movement. T or F

True

Gains made by a party using the distributive bargaining approach come at the expense of the other party. T or F

True

The supreme governing body for the international union is its convention. T or F

True

Work rules: a. Are determined unilaterally by the unions. b. Are jointly determined and administered by managers and union representatives. c. Are determined unilaterally by managers. d. Are the same across public and private sector organizations. e. Reflect the dynamic nature of the management.

*b. Are jointly determined and administered by managers and union representatives.

Participation in a typical local union meeting usually varies between _____ and ______ percent.

5 and 10 percent.

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 requires that private sector employers to provide eligible employees up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave if the firm has:_______ or ______ employees

50 or more employees

The act that was amended in 1987 to prohibit any mandatory retirement age, with the exception of airline pilots, using 70 as a mandatory retirement age is the: ______ discrimination in Employees Act

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA).

Management is allowed to present "captive audience" speeches on the day of the election. T or F

False

Management prefers to include the union to conduct job evaluations for employees in a firm. T or F

False

Unions are improving their organizing capabilities through the training of union organizers at the ___________ Meany Center.

George Meany Center

Which of the following employer tactic(s) has(ve) a negative effect (union loses) on election outcome? hiring a ________ lawyer.

Hiring a labor lawyer

The process of systematically securing information and facts about what employees do in various jobs is called: ______ analysis.

Job analysis

The rules that are allowed in health care facilities when they are applied to patient's rooms, sitting rooms, operating rooms, and any other place patients receive treatment which affects the patients' recovery are called: _______ solicitation rules

No-solicitation rules

With Republicans having the largest number of state lawmakers since 1920, emphasis will be places on __________ "right-to-work" laws.

Passing

All of the following are group incentive plans except: a. Improshare. b. Scanlon plan. c. Piece-rate plan. d. Rucker plan. e. Gainsharing programs.

Piece-rate plan

Which one of the following should not be a relevant consideration when selecting members for a management negotiating team?_____ considerations.

Political considerations

"Big Bill Haywood," an initial organizer of the IWW promoted ______-______ ideas.

Promoted anti-capitalism ideas.

The ________ applies to labor relations in the airline industry.

Railway Labor Act of 1926.

The phase of the labor relations process which states that employees have a legal right to form and join a union or to refrain from doing so is the _____ of the ______ rights and _____ of Union and ______ representatives.

Recognition of the legitimate rights and responsibilities of union and management representatives

The Civil War encouraged the growth of unions as it refined and ________ mass ______ of ______techniques.

Refined and encouraged mass production techniques.

The legal duty of the exclusive bargaining agent after winning a representation election is to______ represent ______ employees in the ______ _____.

Represent fairly all employees in the bargaining unit.

The minimum concession acceptable by a party in a negotiation is called the _______point.

Resistance point

If you are a member of an AFL-CIO affiliated union, then you are a member of the AFL-CIO. T or F

False

The Byrnes Act of 1936 allowed employers to transport strikebreakers for the purpose of using force or threats against union organizers. T or F

False

Unions often prefer defined contribution plans because it limits their financial obligations to fund the plan. T or F

False

Unions received favorable public opinion after World War II because of their strict adherence to the "no strike pledge" during the war and the rather modest wage requests after the war. T or F

False

On reaching retirement age, a retiree may generally choose to accept an annuity payment (e.g., $10,000 per year for life) based on the value of the account balance or receive a:______-Sum ______.

Lump-sum distribution

Skill-based pay (SBP) systems base compensation on the skills or knowledge an employee possesses that are valued by the employer. T or F

True

Smaller-sized (suggested size of nine) bargaining teams are generally preferable to larger bargaining teams to enhance bargaining effectiveness. T or F

True

The Act passed by Congress which reflected its concern with union abuse and the potential misuse of union power was the Landrum-Griffin Act. T or F

True

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 establishes minimum standards for the operation of voluntarily established private-sector pension and health plans. T or F

True

The Ethical Practices Committee was established by the AFL-CIO in its efforts to control corrupt practices and racketeering of its member unions. T or F

True

The Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (Landrum-Griffin Act) was designed to protect the rights of individual union members in their relations with their own union. T or F

True

The NLRB has final authority to settle all unfair labor practice charges. T or F

True

The term "value added" refers to the contribution of factors of production to the value of a final product or service. T or F

True

An analysis of 40 years of The New York Times columns concerning labor unions found that the frequency of strikes has _________ __________.

Been exaggerated.

The Supreme Court ruled in the late 1930s that labor disputes were covered under the Norris-LaGuardia Act and injunctions could easily be obtained. T or F

False

The labor relations term for a one-time payment made to adjust wages which does not affect an employee's hourly base wage rate is:_____ sum pay _____.

Lump-sum pay adjustment

The "labor relations process" occurs when ______ and the exclusive _____ agent (the union) engage in the joint _____ and _____ of work rules.

Management and the exclusive bargaining agent (the union) engage in the joint determination and administration of work rules.

Regarding the management organization, labor relations managers and representatives are often found at the corporate, divisional, and plant levels. T or F

True

In a unionized company setting, decisions such as wages, hours, promotion, layoffs are made _______ through negotiations.

Bilaterally, through negotiations

Pattern bargaining is used to describe a situation where union or management negotiators informally attempt to extend a negotiated settlement from one group to another. T or F

True

A major responsibility of the general __________'s office is to conduct a preliminary investigation of each ULP charge to determine if sufficient (prima facie) evidence exists to conclude a ULP may have occurred.

General Counsel's Office.

One of the most popular group incentive plan for sharing labor cost savings is the:_______ plan.

Scanlon plan

The bill that if passed, will make it an unfair labor practice for an employer to recognize or bargain with a union that has not been selected by a majority of employees in a secret ballot election is called the: _____ ballot ______ Act.

Secret Ballot Protection Act

The rights of employees under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act include the following except the right to ________ company _______.

The right to create company unions.

How long can the contract bar doctrine extend the 12-month statutory limitation on elections ?

Three years

. For employee activity to be protected under the LMRA, the concerted activity must be for a protected purpose described in Section 7 of the Act and engaged in using lawful means. T or F

True

After a decertification petition is filed with the NLRB, the employer must still bargain with the union until the question of representation is resolved. T or F

True

As a result of significant changes in the workforce, unions are investing funds in training union organizers. T or F

True

Collective bargaining is an activity whereby union and management officials attempt to resolve conflicts of interest by exchanging commitments in a manner intended to sustain and possibly enrich their continuing relationship. T or F

True

In some cases, double-breasting appears to be a deliberate strategy designed to maximize company opportunities. T or F

True

The yearly cost of a one-cent-per-hour wage increase at a facility of 1,000 employees is:

$20,800

Technological advances in the workplace can ____ or ____ employees in a particular _____ classification.

Can reduce or eliminate employees in a particular job classification.

When employees are required to attend a meeting to hear a presentation by the employer during a pre-election union campaign, the meeting is called a/an: ______ audience.

Captive audience

Between conventions, the national union is led by the ____ _____.

Executive Council

The clause written into collective bargaining agreements which seeks to maintain pay comparability and pay differentials within firms is called the:

Me-too clause

The relative influence of job evaluation can be seen in the ___________ ______ which represents the internal distribution of the proposed or negotiated wage increase to the bargaining unit employees.

Wage spread

Which of the following is not an action by employer to encourage unionization? ________ _______.

Internal promotions.

Integrative bargaining is also referred to as ______ based ______.

Interest-based bargaining

The negotiation of compensation for and number of intervals for bus drivers reflects which technological component? The _____ and ____ of work.

The pace and scheduling of work

The result of the calculation of any contract item that can be obtained by dividing the annual total cost of the item by the number of bargaining unit hours worked during the year is called the: _______ per hour cost.

Cents-per-hour cost

The area of overlap between the union's and management's bargaining ranges is called the:_______ zone.

Contract zone

A grouping of jobs or positions in which two or more employees share common employment and conditions and are at the discretion of the NLRB is a/an; appropriate _______unit.

Appropriate bargaining unit

A valid, signed agreement for a period of up to three years will bar any representation election for the life of the agreement is specified by the NLRB's: ______ bar doctrine.

Contract bar doctrine

The supreme governing body of an international union is the:

Convention

Requiring applicants to sign yellow-dog contracts was a provision of the Wagner Act. T of F

False

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) mediates cases and awards damages or fines where it deems necessary. T or F

False

Under the preemption doctrine, state law or local ordinances take precedent over federal law. T or F

False

Where there is substantial continuity in a unionized firm's operation after transfer of ownership occurs, the purchaser of the business would be classified as a new employer for the purpose of determining the employer's legal duty to bargain. T or F

False

Which of the following actions is NOT possible after the NLRB investigates an unfair labor practice charge? Filing a ______ one year after ______ ______.

Filing a charge one year after violation occurred.

Under the LMRA, illegally discharged employees can receive back pay for the period of time they were unemployed unless they are ____ ___.

Illegal immigrants.

Representatives (number of delegates) for the AFL-CIO convention are chosen in the following manner: a. Every union local gets only one vote. b. Direct proportion to size of union local. c. In relation to size of the union local but not in direct proportion. d. Seniority within the union. e. By degree of skill.

In relation to size of the union local but not in direct proportion.

The process of systematically securing information and facts about what employees do in various jobs is called: _____ ______.

Job analysis

The following is NOT a step in the Unfair Labor Practice Procedure _______ selection.

Jury selection.

The act which has six titles covering union government and operations is the Labor -_________ reporting and ______ Act.

Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act

The strategy which attempts to use the most recent contracts in the industry as the starting point for achieving further concessions is called:____________.

Leapfrogging

The main reason the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 was declared unconstitutional was that one of its ______ was applied to an _______ which went beyond Congress' _____ to regulate ______ commerce.

One of its codes was applied to an employer which went beyond Congress' authority to regulate interstate commerce.

Which of the following does NOT pertain to new employer bargaining obligations? The desire of the _____ to operate on a __________ basis.

The desire of the owner to operate on a nonunion basis

One of Samuel Gompers' ideas which still conveys the political philosophy of organized labor today is the dictum of _______ your friends and _______ your _________.

The dictum of "reward your friends, punish your enemies."

A major deficiency of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, which was corrected a few years later was the ______ of an _______ Administrative ______ to ____ the acts ______.

The establishment of an independent administrative agency to enforce the act's provisions.

A deferred wage increase is a method used to adjust employee base wage rates during the term of a labor agreement. T or F

True

A dispute between union and management representatives over what the terms and conditions of employment will be is termed an interest dispute. T or F

True

A higher degree of labor intensiveness increases management negotiators' resistance to bargaining proposals designed to increase wage rates. T or F

True

A profit-sharing plan represents a mandatory subject of bargaining. T or F

True

A simple majority of employees that vote in a union representation election is required in order for employees to win union representation. T or F

True

Employees' previous experience with a union is a strong predictor of their attitudes toward unions and their decision to join one. T or F

True

The local union meeting is considered the local union's single most important governmental activity. T or F

True

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that both private sector union and nonunion workers receive a median __________ paid vacation days after one year of service

10

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 provide eligible employees up to ____ weeks of unpaid leave for a serious illness, birth or adoption of a child, or care of a seriously ill child, spouse, or parent.

12

After recognizing the important impact labor relations can have on interstate commerce, the Supreme Court declared the National Labor Relations Act constitutional during what year?

1937

The labor relations process consists of _______ basic phase(s).

3

What percent of the anticipated bargaining unit is needed to conduct a representation election?

30%

Under a cliff vesting schedule, an employee is considered fully vested after completing ____ years of service.

5

The Act which establishes minimum standards for the operation of voluntarily established private-sector pension and health plans is the ________ retirement Income _______ Act of _____.

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.

The basic assumption underlying U.S. labor relations which states that employees should have a right to determine for themselves what is in their best interests and pursue such interests legally is that employees in a _____ and ______ society have a _____ to _____ _____ their ________ ______ using lawful means.

Employees in a free and democratic society have a right to independently pursue their employment interests using lawful means.

When the NLRB establishes an appropriate bargaining unit, it constitutes the "community of interests." Which of the following factors is NOT considered by the NLRB? ______in a ____ Plant only.

Employees in a single plant only

Employee Representation Plans (ERPs) were _________-________ alternative unionism.

Employer-originated alternative unionism.

Arbitrators, unlike mediators do not have authority to make final and binding decision concerning labor disputes. T or F

False

The Wagner Act gave unions considerable power, which had to be counterbalanced by passage of the Taft-Hartley Act. T or F

True

The mass media: a. Often tend to perpetuate a positive stereotype of unions. b. Portrays unions as ethical and benevolent organizations. c. Minimize strike activity coverage. d. Often serve as a generator and conduit of community opinion. e. Focuses on the concerns of workers rather than the effect on consumer prices.

*d. Often serve as a generator and conduit of community opinion.

The union pre-election campaign usually goes through the following stages except: airing ________.

Airing grievances

The act which ended government controls of airline fares and routes was the ______ deregulation Act of _____.

Airline Deregulation Act of 1978.

The theory based on the belief that employees might seek collective action to relieve their feelings of alienation is called the: ______ theory.

Alienation Theory

__________ are third-party neutrals hired by the union and management officials to make a final and binding decision on a disputed issue.

Arbitrators

The craft unions and the industrial unions differ in a number of areas. Which of the following is not one of those areas? ______ at an ____ in meetings.

Attendance at and participation in meetings

A factor often overlooked in union mergers which includes how union members are affected and behave as the result of a merger is called _______ dimensions.

Behavioral dimensions

The hard bargaining approach developed by a vice president at GE meant to circumvent the union was found to be a violation of good faith bargaining primarily because it attempted to bypass the employees' exclusive bargaining agent was called: ________

Boulwarism

The position in a craft union in which the holder is the chief administrator of the union hiring hall is the: a. Union president. b. Shop steward. c. Union committee chairman. d. Business agent. e. International union representative.

Business agent

The law which prohibited the interstate transportation of strikebreakers for the purpose of using force or threats against union organizers, negotiators, or peaceful picketers is called ______ Act.

Byrnes Act.

The NLRB rule which specifies that a valid, signed agreement for a fixed period of three years or less will bar any representation election for the life of the agreement is called the______ bar ________,

Contract bar doctrine

The laws which outlawed the promotion or use of organized violence, sabotage, or terrorism in order to accomplish industrial aims or social revolution are called criminal ______ laws.

Criminal Syndicalism laws.

Negotiation of the labor agreement occurs during the third phase of the labor relations process.

False

The union organizer typically creates job dissatisfaction in the work force before the campaign begins. T or F

False

The plan to which companies make monetary payments to a specific group or groups of employees for producing more output or generating cost savings beyond some established goal is called a:______ sharing plan.

Gain-sharing plan

One of the reasons employees become alienated from their work is their loss of involvement in their work when the machine dominated. T or F

True

The sequence of the labor relations process is __________.

cumulative

The Homestead Incident: a. Received more favorable media attention than the Haymarket Riot. b. Involved unilateral wage reductions at a Carnegie owned steel mill. c. Showed that AFL could offer some financial support to one of its member unions. d. Resulted in a drop in the membership of the national union. e. Represented a victory for employees.

*d. Resulted in a drop in the membership of the national union.

The four dimensions of a workplace technology does not include: a. Equipment used in the operation b. The pace of work. c. Characteristics of the work environment. d. Information exchange. e. Structuring of administrative duties.

*e. Structuring of administrative duties.

In 2014, ___ percent of private-sector union members participated in some type of employer- or union-sponsored pension plan compared to 45 percent of nonunion employees.

83%

To ensure the constitutionality of the NLRA, Congress provided that unfair labor practice decisions of the NLRB could be appealed for review by a _______ ______ court of _____.

A federal Circuit Court of Appeals.

The AFL represented a _______ or _________ organization that ________ could join and still _____ their separate _______ and collective ______ ________.

A federation or service organization that unions could join and still retain their separate identities and collective bargaining concerns.

The agreement which prohibits any union-represented bargaining unit from reaching a final contract settlement until all unions who bargain contracts with the same employer are willing to settle is called a ______- in ______.

A lock-in agreement

The strength or likely continued success of any labor organization can be assessed by focusing on four criteria except a _______ in _____conditions.

A shift in economic conditions.

A company's labor relations strategy is NOT determined by ______ supervisors.

Administration supervisors

The largest percentage of money paid to the national union goes to ______, operational and ______ expenses.

Administration, operational, and salary expenses.

Which one of the following would not be a characteristic of a distributive bargaining approach? Win-lose negotiations results.: an effort to identify multiple _____ capable of _____mutually satisfying _____ ______ rather than focusing on ______ the Gap between each party's established positions on _____ in disputes.

An effort to identify multiple alternatives capable of achieving a mutually satisfactory bargaining outcome rather than focusing on narrowing the gap between each party's established position on issues in dispute

One union estimate found that management consultants hired to counter a union organizing campaign are _____in _______of the Union _____ campaigns.

Are involved in 75 percent of the union organizing campaigns.

The Knights of Labor (KOL) differed from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in that the KOL assumed _______ and _______ had ______ interests.

Assumed employees and employers had similar interests.

The activity whereby union and management officials attempt to resolve conflicts of interest by exchanging commitments in a manner intended to sustain and possibly enrich their continuing relationship is called:_______ _______.

Collective bargaining.

"Mandatory" bargaining subjects: a. Compose the bulk of the bargaining agenda during labor contract negotiations. b. Must be negotiated until agreement is reached if one party raises the issue. c. Do not have to be negotiated if one party raises the issue. d. Mandates that a federal mediator will resolve the differences between the parties if they can't reach agreement on one or more bargaining subjects. e. Mandates that a federal mediator must approve the agreement.

Compose the bulk of the bargaining agenda during labor contract negotiations.

The labor relations term for a written clause in a labor agreement which adjusts wages in accordance with changes in the consumer price index at specified intervals during the contract's term is the: _____of ______ adjustment.

Cost-of-living adjustment

Whenever employees believe that the union is not representing the interests of the majority, employees may initiate a _______ process.

Decertification process

Which one of the following bargaining tactics would be least likely to be used by either union or management negotiators because of the high credibility risks involved? Deliberate _____or ________ information.

Deliberate deception or falsification of information.

The federal agency responsible for enforcement of the Family and Medical Leave Act is:______ of ______.

Department of Labor

Which federal agency is responsible for computing and reporting the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? Dept of _____.

Department of Labor

The following is not an element of the labor relations process _______ _______.

Discouraged workers.

Bargaining power is more likely to be an important determinant of negotiated outcomes in which one of the following approach to bargaining? _________ bargaining.

Distributive bargaining

The manner in which union dues are collected wherein the union member agrees to a payroll deduction of union dues, which are collected by the employer and paid directly to the union is called the _____ check off system.

Dues check off system

More and more companies are finding that their labor relations strategies are driven by their need to adapt to new, more competitive business conditions and ______ choices.

Economic choices

The bill that required the NLRB to certify a union if the majority of employees signed union authorization cards, stated a procedure for the invocation of the first collective bargaining agreement, and imposed penalties for employer violations of certain unfair labor practices was called the: ______ free _____ Act.

Employee Free Choice Act

The following are paths that workers may mobilize along to take collective action and support the union except: __________ empowerment.

Employee empowerment

The following preliminary conclusions may be reported based on a research on the effects of ESOPs except: a. Labor-management cooperation does not emerge automatically when publicly traded companies move into employee ownership. b. Employee ownership leads to greater identification of the employees with the company. c. The presence of an ESOP does not make a firm more productive, efficient, or profitable. d. Employees receive less information about the company. e. Generally, the role of the union does not change except when the union made an early and ongoing effort to become involved in the change process.

Employees receive less information about the company.

Under the Norris-LaGuardia Act, a labor injunction could be obtained as long as all the following conditions were met except _______ had other ______ remedies.

Employer had other legal remedies.

U.S. unions believe that "fair trade" will ensure that ______ companies can _____ effectively in ______ markets.

Ensure that domestic companies can compete effectively in global markets.

The American Railway Union's leader who was sentenced to federal prison for failing to abide by a court's labor injunction, and later advocated the election of a government that would be responsive to the working class, based on his beliefs in Socialism was ________ ________.

Eugene Debs

Which of the following did not encourage union mergers? a. Decline of some US industries b. Executive preference c. Avoidance of external controls d. Jurisdictional disputes e. Economics of scale.

Executive preference

"Voluntary" (also called permissive or non-mandatory) issues involve proposals which violate the law, and there is no legal duty to bargain over such an issue. T or F

False

A company may be ordered to recognize and bargain with a union if employees' signatures on authorization cards were obtained under threat or coercion. T or F

False

A major reason for a piece-rate compensation plan is that many production jobs are machine paced, so employees have limited control over the pace of work and thus the number of items produced during scheduled work hours. T or F

False

Although unions claim to operate under a democratic ideal, in reality, the typical union member has less say in the way the union operates than most citizens have in their governments or most stockholders have in their corporations. T or F

False

An employee alleging unlawful discharge is NOT under affirmative duty to seek comparable employment to mitigate the respondent employer's potential back-pay liability while awaiting a final determination of the merit of the ULP charge. T or F

False

Any failure to reach an agreement on contract language concerning a mandatory bargaining subject represents a violation of the duty to bargain in good faith. T or F

False

Approaching the bargaining process as a mutual problem-solving exercise is a characteristic of distributive bargaining. T or F

False

Because craft union members may work on several job sites for several employers, craft unions have decided to expand the scope of their labor agreements to national coverage. T or F

False

Because the National Labor Relations Act prohibited interference with labor unions in 1935, companies were allowed to establish company unions to assure the integrity of unions. T or F

False

Centralized (multi-employer) bargaining is frequently found in the healthcare and auto industries. T or F

False

Craft union members, higher skilled, higher seniority, and better-educated members are less likely to attend local union meetings. T or F

False

Craft unions have less independence from their national union headquarters than industrial unions. T or F

False

Employer questioning of an employee to discern union sentiment is an automatic violation of NLRA section 8 (a)(1). T or F

False

Employers agree that signed authorization cards are accurate predictors of the number of votes for the union in elections. T or F

False

Free riders are employees who don't receive benefits from the union, but still have to pay union dues. T or F

False

Generally, high unemployment reduces the union's cost of disagreeing with management because strikers could find it difficult to find employment at other firms. T or F

False

In larger companies, at the corporate level, the plant manager and plant labor relations manager play the key roles in certain labor relations activities, such as contract administration, grievance handling, and monitoring labor relations activities. T or F

False

In the last decade, decertification elections have nearly doubled T or F

False

Joint councils, such as the building trade councils, involve groupings of conference boards that have common goals, employers, and interests. T or F

False

Management would probably prefer centralized bargaining if it had three separate manufacturing facilities (bargaining units), each making the same product. T or F

False

Most union presidents have restricted authority to appoint their staff, regulate locals, and direct the activities of the national union T or F

False

Most unions consider gain sharing plans as an adequate substitute for traditional negotiated hourly wage gains in their labor contracts. T or F

False

Positive human resource management practices, such as job enrichment/enlargement, internal promotions, learning opportunities, bonus and merit pay, and employee involvement programs, seem to increase nonunion workers' desire to vote for a union in a representation election. T or F

False

Pressure from domestic and international competition has increased management's ability to simply pass increased labor costs on to the customer in the form of higher prices T or F

False

Supplemental unemployment benefits (SUB) are payments made by the federal government to unemployed workers during a layoff. T or F

False

Surface Bargaining, is where the company "goes through the motions" of negotiating a contract with the intention of reaching an agreement. T or F

False

The "captive audience" rule states that an employer who presents a "captive audience" speech must allow the union the opportunity to conduct its own "captive audience" speech. T or F

False

The AFL under Gompers' leadership believed the existing social system should be dramatically changed by any means possible, including revolutionary methods if necessary. T or F

False

The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) now includes all of the major U.S. labor unions. T or F

False

The NLRB decisions are similar to Supreme Court decisions in that they are independent of political party influences. T or F

False

The NLRB prohibits the showing of films to discourage employees from joining a union. T or F

False

The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act requires employers with 500 or more employees to give 30 days' notice to employees of a plant closing. T or F

False

The company may actively assist employees who are interested in launching a decertification campaign T or F

False

The employer must file a list of names and addresses of all eligible voters with the regional director of the NLRB within thirty days after the regional director of the NLRB has approved a consent election. T or F

False

The fact that NLRB members are appointed by the President does not create concerns about influences over decisions of the Board. T or F

False

The international union representative may be the first person on the job or the most senior employee. T or F

False

The majority of private sector employees participate in a profit sharing plan as incentive. T or F

False

The one primary responsibility of the NLRB is to determine if employees desire representation by an independent labor organization for purposes of collective bargaining. T or F

False

The process of systematically securing information and facts about what employees do in various jobs is called a job description. T or F

False

The processes in democratic unions, such as officer elections, make the union leaders less responsive to the membership. T or F

False

The regional director of the NLRB initiates investigation of a company when it suspects that the company has committed an unfair labor practice. T or F

False

The selection of the number and type of individuals who will make up the bargaining team for each party is not an important decision that can affect the outcome of negotiations. T or F

False

The union must obtain signed authorization cards from a majority of the bargaining unit employees before the NLRB will hold an election. T or F

False

Unions as organizations are built on the assumption that power, authority, and legitimacy flow downward from the owner or stockholders through management. T or F

False

Unions do not place upper limits on their bargaining ranges because they maintain, "nothing ventured, nothing gained." T or F

False

Unions generally favor the use of an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) as a basic pension plan for employees. T or F

False

Wage comparability is not given much importance in wage determination T or F

False

When a distributive bargaining approach is used to negotiate labor contract terms, the same party always wins (gains more) on every bargaining issue. T or F

False

In reaction to passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, which was intended to stabilize economic activity, employers formed ______ among themselves to draw up ______ of _______.

Formed associations among themselves to draw up codes of competition.

he employees who receive the benefits from the union, but who pay no dues are called ______ ______.

Free riders

Union officials seek to enhance public opinion by getting organized labors _________ ________ out to the _______and forming ________with various _____ in the _______.

Getting organized labor's positive message out to the community and forming alliances with various groups in the community.

If a company desires to develop a program of positive human resources management, which of the following practices would the company utilize? a. Hiring specialized experienced supervisors from outside the company. b. Reserved parking spaces for managers. c. Have the human resources manager report directly to top management. d. Enlarge the size of individual company facilities. e. Lower employee voice.

Have the human resources manager report directly to top management.

The reason(s) local meetings is/are poorly attended include _____ location of _______ ____.

Inconvenient location of meeting place.

The Pullman Strike _____the membership and ______ the power of the ________.

Increased the membership and strengthened the power of the ARU.

A labor injunction is a ______ order prohibiting certain _______ in conjunction with a ________ disputes.

Is a court order prohibiting certain activities in conjunction with a labor dispute

The product market is where the ________ either ____ it's product or ________ key elements for its manufacture or can make _______ more vulnerable.

Is where the company either sells its product or purchases key elements for its manufacture or can make management more vulnerable.

Under the bargaining power model, when is the union's bargaining power increased? It costs _____ for management to ____ than _____with the _____.

It costs more for management to disagree than agree with the union

Which one of the following is NOT a mandatory bargaining subject? ____ unions

Management unions

The key participants in the labor relations process who represent the interest of the ownership as well as their own self-interests are the _________.

Managers.

Modern U.S. labor relations law relies on the following factors except ______ regulations.

Municipal regulations.

Which of the following was declared unconstitutional? a. National Labor Relations Act. b. Wagner Act. c. Clayton Act. d. National Industrial Recovery Act. e. Taft-Hartley Act.

National Industrial Recovery Act.

The federal agency designated to be the primary interpreter and administrator of the National Labor Relations Act is the _______ labor _________ board.

National Labor Relations Board.

The administrative agencies now under the Railway Labor Act are the national _______ board and National ______ ______ board.

National Mediation Board and National Railroad Adjustment Board

Under the Railway Labor Act, the federal agency responsible for resolving differences between the parties when negotiating an agreement is the ______ mediation _____.

National Mediation Board.

Which of the following concerted actions are permitted under Sec. 7 of the LMRA? Non _______ tactics used to _____ or ______ a Union.

Non-violent tactics used to form or join a union.

_________ ______ has become the single most important political force that has supported government programs to help the socially and economically disadvantaged.

Organized Labor

Elements in the labor relations process does not include: A. International forces. B. State of the economy C. Product market D. Public opinion E. Outsourcing

Outsourcing

In anticipating union bargaining proposals, management can consider all the following factors except______ future ______.

Potential future grievances

The AFL-CIO is very active in the political arena. However, which of the following are NOT actions of the AFL-CIO? Proclaims ties to a _____ political _____party.

Proclaims ties to a national political labor party

The expected employee output that is consistent with workmanship quality, operational efficiency, and reasonable working capacities of normal operators is called: ______ ____.

Production standards

The Local Assembly, the basic unit in the Knights of Labor provided the _____ source of _______.

Provided the major source of members.

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of?

Race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

The Haymarket Riot represented a _____ for the ______ hour ______.

Represented a protest for the eight-hour day.

Some union actions that have been determined to be illegal under the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA) include the following except requirement to ______ Anti-________ affidavits.

Requirement to sign anti-communist affidavits.

The labor relations term for estimate of the total cents-per-hour costs of employer benefit items affected by a change in the straight-time hourly wage rate is the _________up factor.

Roll-up factor

The plan based on a change in the ratio between labor costs and dollar value added is called the _____ plan

Rucker plan

An employer anti-union weapon was paying employees with company-created currency. This currency was called_______.

Scrip.

The book A Theory of the Labor Movement, in which the Scarcity Consciousness Theory is described was written by:

Selig Perlman

The following is NOT a method or procedure in organizing unions? _____- down ______.

Sit-down strikes

The plan which bases compensation on the skills or knowledge an employee possesses and is valued by the employer is called the _______-base pay plan

Skill-base pay plan

The first signs of employee organizations in the United States occurred among ________ craftspeople such as _______.

Skilled craftspeople such as shoemakers.

The agencies responsible for the enforcement and administration of state laws and local ordinances involving labor relations topics are the ____ and local _________ agencies.

State and local administrative agencies.

Which of the following groups are not considered "employees" and may not be in any bargaining unit? _______

Supervisors

A petition for certiorari is a request to review a court of appeals decision by the _______ _______.

Supreme Court

The "Open Shop" and "Mohawk Valley Formula" were techniques used by the ________ and _______ to _______ organizations in _______.

The AFL and CIO to merge organizations in 1955.

John L. Lewis was the _______ president of the _________.

The first president of the CIO.

A substitute provided by employers in their effort to counteract unionism is the _______of _______ _________ plans.

The formation of Employee Representation Plans.

"Employees" need to be viewed as a separate category of participants since they can have loyalties to both the employer and union organizations. T or F

True

A Scanlon plan, Rucker plan, and Improshare plan are all examples of gain sharing plans. T or F

True

A whipsaw bargaining strategy involves a negotiating team attempting to extract large, similar, concessions from multiple opponents. T or F

True

Although union leaders are usually elected by the members, members and leaders do not completely agree on bargaining priorities. T or F

True

Congress, through the Landrum-Griffin Act, has attempted to strengthen the union democratic process by giving power to union members to protect themselves against irresponsible leaders. T or F

True

Contract language that specifies a newly hired employee will be paid less than other employees performing a similar job is referred to as a Two-Tier Wage plan. T or F

True

Double-breasting is a practice employed by a company with a "union-avoidance" strategy. T or F

True

During economic downturns and recessions, management will often claim an inability to pay as a criterion for wage determination. T or F

True

Employees are protected in pursuing their mutual working condition concerns, even if they do not belong to a labor organization. T or F

True

Good faith bargaining essentially means each party must demonstrate a sincere and honest intent to reach a labor agreement and be reasonable in their bargaining positions, tactics and activities. T or F

True

If a union wishes to encourage solidarity within its membership at a particular firm, it should not negotiate for a two-tier pay plan. T or F

True

If employees choose to decertify their union, there cannot be another representation election for twelve months. T or F

True

In forming and joining a union, employees mainly consider whether the union will improve their personal situations in terms of wages and benefits, promotional opportunities, and job security. T or F

True

In some cases a specific, single action by an employer constitutes an unfair labor practice in bargaining, called a per se violation. T or F

True

It is common for labor agreements to contain a cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) clause during the term of the contract. T or F

True

It is unlawful for an employer to refuse to comply with a union's request to furnish information, such as basic financial information, which is relevant and necessary for the union to represent bargaining unit members in contract negotiations or grievance handling duties. T or F

True

Job factors used in evaluating jobs include skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions in varying degrees depending on the type of organization. T or F

True

Management consultants are individuals hired from outside the organization to provide some special service or expertise. T or F

True

Modern U.S. labor relations law relies primarily on federal and state statutory laws or local government ordinances, judicial decisions interpreting and applying statutory laws and local ordinances, and decisions by administrative agencies responsible for administering specific labor laws. T or F

True

Most union labor agreements specify daily or weekly work schedules and most provide premium pay for hours worked beyond the normal hours. T or F

True

Possible government intervention in a labor dispute is a factor which could alter a union's or management's perception of their relative bargaining power in that labor dispute. T or F

True

Professional employees provide a challenge to a union's desire to increase membership due to the issue of compatibility of unionism with professionalism. T or F

True

Statutory law includes legislation originally written for general population but is applied in specific instances to labor relations. T or F

True

The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) clarifies and extends the Veterans' Reemployment Rights Act of 1940 to protect the job rights of individuals called on to perform military duty on behalf of the United States. T or F

True

The business agent is a key position in a craft union and provides many of the same services of a local union president in a large industrial union. T or F

True

The convention makes use of the delegate system, in which the number of delegates allowed depends on the number of members in the local. T or F

True

The resistance point is the minimum concession acceptable by a party in a negotiation. T or F

True

The target point is the union leaders' realistic goal to work toward during negotiations. T or F

True

Two major deficiencies of the Norris LaGuardia Act were: (1) the act did not establish an administrative agency and to enforce the act's provisions; (2) no specific employer unfair labor practices (ULPs) were identified or prohibited. T or F

True

Union instrumentality is a concept meaning employees perceive the union as instrumental in attaining desired outcomes, such as higher wages. T or F

True

Union leaders often view management-exclusive job evaluation with disfavor because it tends to limit bargaining opportunities and freeze wage structure. T or F

True

Union membership in the United States has shown a steady decline as a proportion of the total labor force (i.e., comprising all employed persons 16 years of age or older). T or F

True

Unions are attractive to the many employees concerned about job security regardless of their skill level. T or F

True

Wages and other economic benefits represent income to employees, costs to an employer, and a basis for tax revenue to the government. T or F

True

While corruption within unions receives much media coverage, the facts indicate that unions compare favorably with other segments of society in complying with the laws. T or F

True

How long after a consent election must an employer file a list of names, mailing and e-mail addresses, and phone numbers of all eligible voters? _____ business ______.

Two business days

Contract language that specifies a newly hired employee will be paid less than other employees performing a similar job is referred to as a _____-_____ wage plan.

Two-tier wage plan

Actions such as changing the compensation or fringe-benefit package unilaterally during bargaining without having reached a good faith bargaining impasse are called:____ changes in _______.

Unilateral changes in conditions.

The union strategy that would place a union organizer in a job within a targeted company for the purpose of initiating unionization is called: _____ salts.

Union salts

The shop steward: a. Assists in local union negotiations. b. Assists in grievance administration at local union levels. c. Assists in arbitration at local union levels. d. Is employed by the international union. e. Usually the most senior employee.

Usually the most senior employee.

The most common formula for adjusting wages to the cost of living is wages _______ 1 cent per hour _____ for each 0.3 point increase In the CPI-W.

Wages increased 1 cent-per-hour increase for each 0.3 point increase in the CPI-W

When the North American Free Trade Act (NAFTA) was passed, it was ________ __________ by organized ________.

Was unsuccessfully opposed by organized labor.

Union participation in local union activities in lower: a. Before a strike vote. b. During negotiations. c. During agreement ratification. d. When voting for officers. e. When meeting location is inconvenient.

When meeting location is inconvenient.

When would management officials probably prefer centralized (multi-plant) bargaining? When The products at each plant are ______.

When the products at each plant are interdependent (Plant A's product is necessary for Plant B's product).

The strategy which involves a negotiating team attempting to extract large, similar concessions from multiple opponents is called: _______ bargaining

Whipsaw bargaining

The _________ Adjustment and _______ Refraining _______Act specifies the conditions under which employers are required to give advance notice of a plant closing or mass layoff.

Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act.

If an employer claims an inability to pay for a union's bargaining proposal, the union is entitled access to ______ _____ information necessary to _____ the ________ _____ pay _______.

access to company financial information necessary to validate the employer's inability to pay claim.

Which of the following is not a "state of the economy" factor affecting negotiation and administration of work rules? a. Rising inflation rate. b. Rising health costs. c. Decreased employees' standard of living. d. Unemployment rates. e. Union membership

*e. Union membership

In spite of the fact that employers could legally fire employees for virtually any reason under the Employment-At-Will doctrine (EAW), employees were required to sign an agreement stating they would not join or assist in organizing a union. This agreement was called a _____ ______ contract.

A yellow dog contract.

Mediators have binding legal authority to require the parties to settle an interest dispute, but they often first restrict themselves to offering advice to help each party to clarify their own priorities and assessment of costs or risks associated with failing to reach a voluntary agreement. T of F

False

Public opinion, while a potentially powerful influence, pertains only to the first phase of the labor relations process, particularly union organizing drives. T or F

False

The Change to Win federation planned on focusing more on working through mainly the Democratic Party instead of direct political action by the member unions. T or F

False

The Great Depression of the 1930s convinced many employees that hard work and loyalty (not unions) insured continued employment and other good working conditions. T or F

False

The Haymarket Riot, Homestead Incident, and the Pullman Strike eliminated Samuel Gompers' leadership effectiveness in the AFL. T or F

False

"Pure and Simple Unionism," approach was most identified with the _____ _____ of Labor

American Federation of Labor.

The Homestead Incident, unlike the Ludlow Massacre, showed the public that union and management officials could resolve their differences in a non-violent fashion. T or F

False

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), was created to strengthen the power of employers to prevent the formation of unions. T or F

False

The growth in part-time employment also has a small, but significant, positive impact on union density T or F

False

The leadership of the Knights of Labor was more interested in seeking higher wage increases for employees than in seeking moral betterment for employees and society. T or F

False

The sit-down strike helped the CIO to obtain union membership in the 1930s, and it was soon approved by the Supreme Court. T or F

False

Work rules in organizations where employees are unrepresented (no union) are typically not determined unilaterally by management. T or F

False

Work rules, while complex in nature, have a common dimension since the all pertain to compensation for work performed. T or F

False

"Probationary work periods" would be most desired by management when the labor market has a _____ number of ______ _______.

Has a high number of unskilled employees

The federal government's role in private sector collective bargaining activities is basically _________.

Indirect.

Powderly felt employees who joined the KOL needed to be ______ on major _____ which they were previously unable to ________.

Needed to be educated on major problems which they were previously unable to understand.

The most important factor in the gradual decline or stagnation in union membership has been attributed to ______ changes in the _______ _______.

Structural changes in the labor force.

The Congress of Industrial Organization's tremendous success in organizing employees after its formation in 1935 was due in part to the _________ ability to ______workers in _______production industries

The CIO's ability to organize workers in mass production industries.

The "focal point" of labor relations represents the _____ and _____ of work rules.

The negotiation and administration of work rules.

Member unions of the Change to Win federation are encouraged to devote 50 percent of their annual operating budget toward union organizing activities, compared to a goal of 30 percent for AFL-CIO affiliated unions. T or F

True

Opposition to the war and the Soviet revolution in Russia in 1917 led to what was called the Red Scare: A general concern that a communist revolution would happen in the United States. T or F

True

Public opinion of institutions in general is low in the United States, with more than one-third of the public expressing confidence in only 5 out of 17 surveyed institutions. T or F

True

The "criminal conspiracy" doctrine involved employees' rights to organize unions as well as the effect of strong employee dissatisfaction leading to the closing of factories. T or F

True

The "one big union" approach to union membership was not believed by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). T or F

True

Union density, the proportion of a total group comprised of union members, is one measure of relative union strength or potential influence. T or F

True