Chapter 1 - BIOL 1406

Rank the following steps of the generalized scientific method in order from the first step at the top to the last step at the bottom.

1. Observe and ask questions about something in the natural world. 2. Create a hypothesis to explain your observations and make predictions. 3. Carry out experiment(s) to test the hypothesis and collect data. 4. Analyze your data and draw conclusions.

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A molecule that encodes genetic instructions

What describes a community?

All the populations of different species that live in an area

What are the small chemical units that can combine to form molecules?

Atoms

In reproduction, what is transmitted to the offspring that will determine what the offspring are like?

DNA

What biological level includes the living and nonliving components of a particular area?

Ecosystem

What domain is characterized by having unicellular and multicellular organisms whose cells contain a nucleus?

Eukarya

Select all of the following that are Domain names in the taxonomic hierarchy of life.

Eukarya Archaea Bacteria

What describes the state of internal constancy maintained by an organism?

Homeostasis

Select the example of a scientific prediction.

If we put ice under heat, then it will melt.

Match the following types of variables to their correct definition.

Independent variable > the manipulated portion of the experiment. Dependent variable > the response that an investigator measures. Standardized variable > a parameter of the experiment that is held constant.

______ is characterized by cellular organization, energy requirements, homeostasis, reproduction, growth, development, and evolution.

Life

What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions?

Organ

What are membrane-bounded compartments within eukaryotic cells that carry out specialized functions?

Organelles

Match each category of organisms with their method of obtaining energy.

Primary producer > autotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from nonliving sources. Consumer > Heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms. Decomposer > Heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from wastes and dead organisms.

What uses evidence and experiments to test ideas and answer questions?

Scientific method

What is the science of naming and classifying organisms?

Taxonomy

In general, what is true regarding sample size in scientific experiments?

The larger the sample size, the more credible the results.

What is taxonomy?

The science of naming and classifying organisms

What term describes a comprehensive explanation for a natural phenomenon?

Theory

Match each of the following characteristics with either theory or hypothesis.

Theory > a comprehensive, well-accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon. Hypothesis > a tentative, narrow-in-scope explanation of a natural phenomenon.

______ are groups of specialized cells that function together.

Tissues

Evolution is

a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.

The variable of an experiment is

a changeable element of an experiment.

Which of the following describes a control group?

a group that receives a placebo or no treatment

In the scientific method, what is a hypothesis?

a tentative explanation for an observation

Inherited traits, characteristics, or behaviors that enable an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment are called

adaptations

Organisms seem so well-suited to their environments because they have inherited characteristics or behaviors, called ______, that enable them to successfully survive and reproduce.

adaptations

In ______ reproduction, the offspring are mostly genetically identical (except for some mutations); in ______ reproduction, most of the offspring are genetically different (except for twins).

asexual; sexual

In ___ reproduction, genetic information comes from only one parent; whereas, in ___ reproduction, genetic information from two parents unites to form an offspring.

asexual; sexual.

Rank the following levels of biological organization from smallest at the top to largest at the bottom.

atom > molecule > organelle > cell > tissue > organ.

Particles that make up molecules are called

atoms

What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other chemicals?

cell

The following lists the levels of biological organization in order from smallest to largest. Fill in the missing components: Atom, molecule, organelle,___, tissue, ____, organ system.

cell; organ

A living thing, or organism, exhibits certain properties of life and is composed of one or more ______, the basic units of life.

cells

Select all the types of data and characteristics that scientists can use to help compare evolutionary relationships between organisms.

cellular attributes anatomical features genetic characteristics biochemical aspects

What is the term for all the populations of different species that occupy the same location at the same time?

community

The group in an experiment that is untreated and provides a basis for comparison is called the

control

The cell's genetic instructions are encoded in a molecule called ______, and these instructions are used to produce proteins and allow the cell to carry out specialized functions.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

What is one way that organisms in the domain Bacteria differ from organisms in the domain Archaea?

differences in DNA sequences

An area of forest, including the organisms that occupy it and the nonliving components of its area, is an example of a(n)

ecosystem.

All living things are composed of one or more cells, use ______ to grow and reproduce, and maintain a state of internal constancy.

energy

A change in the genetic makeup of a population over multiple generations can also be referred to as

evolution

Natural selection is a mechanism of ______ in which certain individuals from a population exhibit enhanced reproductive success based on inherited characteristics.

evolution

In the scientific method, a(n) ______ is an investigation carried out under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.

experiment

Hypotheses are often tested with an investigation called a(n)

experiment.

Which of the following produces traits that can be adaptations favored by natural selection?

genetic variability within a population

Each type of organism is assigned a unique, two-part scientific name, which consists of the ______ of the organism.

genus and specific descriptor

Using a process called ______, living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water.

homeostasis

An experiment collects data to support or reject a(n) ______, which is a tentative explanation of observations.

hypothesis

The presence or absence of a vaccine in the experiment shown comprises the ______ variable.

independent

Natural selection

is a mechanism of evolution in which certain individuals from a population exhibit enhanced reproductive success based on inherited characteristics.

It can be difficult to scientifically study events that occurred in the past and that left little evidence because

it can be hard to accurately re-create conditions from the past.

What is a group of joined atoms, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

molecule

What mechanism of evolution results in adaptive traits becoming more common in a population?

natural selection

If a bone is an example of an organ, then all of the bones in the body are part of a(n)

organ system.

Multiple organs are linked together into

organ systems.

A(n) ______ is a living individual that consists of one or more cells.

organism

What term refers to members of the same species living in the same place at the same time?

population

Consider a species of frog that lives in many ponds throughout central California. A group of the frogs in one of the ponds, NOT including the other species of organisms living there, is an example of a(n)

population.

The production of new organisms that are similar to existing organisms is a property of life called ______.

reproduction

The number of individuals examined in an experiment is called the

sample size.

When examining evolutionary relationships, taxonomists strive to classify organisms according to

shared common ancestors.

What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?

species

The data shown are from a study in which a vaccine or placebo was given to individuals, and the incidence of illness was measured. All of the individuals in this study were infants, meaning that age of the vaccinated individuals is a ______.

standardized variable

Select all of the following that are characteristics of a scientific theory.

supported by a large body of evidence can be used to make predictions falsifiable encompass multiple hypotheses

Advances in ______, such as DNA sequencers and radio-tracking devices, have enhanced biological discovery.

technology

An example of a practical application of scientific knowledge is

technology

A theory is ______, meaning that it remains accepted but is potentially falsifiable if future tests or observations disprove it.

testable

What statement describes a cell?

the smallest unit that can be called life

A(n) ______ is an explanation for a natural phenomenon that has been well tested and ties together many hypotheses.

theory

In science, whereas a hypothesis is a tentative explanation of an observation, a ___ is a broader, well-tested explanation for a natural phenomenon backed by many lines of evidence.

theory

All living organisms are organized into one of ______ domains.

three

Organs are made up of ______.

tissues

In an experiment, the response that an investigator measures and the treatment that an investigator manipulates are examples of

variables

The image shows the data from a study in which a vaccine or placebo was given to individuals, and the incidence of illness was measured. The incidence of illness observed is the ______.

dependent variable

Atoms can bond together to form

molecules.

What component of the scientific method is often written as an if-then statement?

prediction

Theories are not only testable but also suggest ______.

predictions about future discoveries

Organisms that make their own food by obtaining energy and nutrients from nonliving sources are called

primary producers.

Select all the questions that are difficult to answer using science.

questions about the meaning of life questions about morality

The scientific definition of theory is "a ______," whereas the nonscientific definition of theory is "a ______."

well-tested explanation; hunch or opinion