Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Operating System Concepts

Hot-Standby Mode

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) A mode in which the machine does nothing but monitor the active server. Should the active server fail, the machine in this mode becomes an active server.

High-Availability

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) A service that will continue even if one or more systems in the cluster fail. High availability is obtained by adding a level of redundancy in the system.

Parallelization

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) A technique which divides a program into separate components that run in parallel on individual computers in the cluster.

Asymmetric Clustering

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) A type of clustering in which one machine is in hot-standby mode while the other is running the applications.

Symmetric Clustering

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) A type of clustering in which two or more hosts are running applications and are monitoring each other.

Clustered System

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) A type of multiprocessor system which gathers together multiple CPUs.

Loosely Coupled

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) A type of system that is composed of two or more individual system (nodes) joined together.

High-Performance Computing

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 17) Clusters of several computer systems connected via a network can be used to provide these types of enviornments.

DLM (Distributed Lock Manager)

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 18) A function known as distributed lock manager which provides shared access to the system.

SANs (Storage Area Networks)

(OS, Intro, Cluster Systems, pg. 18) a function that allows many system to attach to a pool of storage.

Multiprocessor Systems

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 14) Also known as parallel systems and multicore systems, these are systems that contain two or more systems in close communication. These systems share the computer bus and sometimes the clock, memory, and peripheral devices. They offer increased throughput, economy of scale and increased reliabilty

Parallel Systems

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 14) Another name for multiprocessor systems and multicore systems

Multicore Systems

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 14) Another name for multiprocessor systems and parallel systems

Fault Tolerant

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 14) This is the ability to continue providing service beyond level of surviving hardware because they are able to suffer failure and still continue to work.

Graceful Degradation

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 14) This is the ability to continue providing service proportional to the level of surviving hardware

Asymmetric Multiprocessing

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 15) A type of multiple-processor system in which each processor is assigned a specific task

Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 15) The most common systems use this type of processing. In this type of processing, each processor performs all task within the operating system, so all processors are peers.

Boss Processor

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 15) This processor controls a multiple-processor systems. Other processors look to this processor for instructions, or have predefined tasks in a boss-worker relationship.

Blade Servers

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 16) A server in which multiple processor boards, I/O boards, and networking boards are placed in the same chassis. These servers boot independently and run there own operating system.

UMA

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 16) The situation in which access to any RAM from any CPU takes the same amount of time.

NUMA

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 16) The situation in which some parts of memory may take longer to access than other parts, creating a performance penalty

Cores

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 16) These are independent proessing units in a system.

Multicore

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Architecture, pg. 16) These are multiprocessor system that include multiple computing cores on a single chip. More effective that multiple chips with singular cores since on chip communication is faster than between chip communication.

Von Neumann architecture

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 10) A typical instruction-execution cycle, as executed on a system with a _____first fetches an instruction from memory and stores that instruction in the instruction register. The instruction is then decoded and may cause operands to be fetched from memory and stored in some internal register. After the instruction on the operands has been executed, the result may be stored back in memory.

Magnetic Disk

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 10) The most common secondary storage. This which provides storage for both programs and data, and most programs are stored here until they are loaded into memory.

Secondary Storage

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 10) This is provided as an extension of main memory. It's main requirement is the ability to hold large quantities of data permanently.

Instruction Register

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 10) a storage for instructions.

Volatile

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 10) storage device that loses its contents when power is turned off or otherwise lost

NVRAM

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 11) A different form of nonvolatile storage which is DRAM with a battery backup power. Can be as fast as DRAM but is nonvolatile.

PDAs

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 11) A personal digital assistant that can be used for several jobs such as computing, telephone, faxing. These utilize incldude flash memory.

Nonvolatile storage

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 11) A storage system that is used in the absence of expensive batteries and generator backup systems. Data is written here for safekeeping.

Volatile storage

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 11) A type of storage system where the contents are lost if power is removed from the device. IE. Main memory

semiconductor memory

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 11) Faster and cheaper than older storage methods. Registers, caches, main memory, and solid-state disks can be built using this.

Solid-state disks

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 11) These type of disks have several variants but in general are faster than magnetic disks and are nonvolatile.

SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 12) A controller in which seven or more devices can be attached to.

Device Controller

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 12) This device is responsible for moving the data between the peripheral devices that it controls and its local buffer storage.

Device Driver

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 12) This is a program that understands the device controller and provides the rest of the operating system with a uniform interface to the device

DMA (Direct Memory Access)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 12) This is used to prevent high overhead when bulk data movement occurrs.

Firmware

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 7) A general term used to describe read only memory.

Bootstrap Program

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 7) An initial program run by a computer when it is powered up or rebooted.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 7) Known by the general term firmware, this is another type of read only memory. Can be changed, but can only be changed infrequently.

ROM

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 7) This stores things within the computer hardware in read-only memory. Cannot be changed, so only static programs are stored here.

System Call (Also Called Monitor Call)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 8) A special operation executed to trigger an interrupt.

System Daemons

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 8) Another term besides "system processes" used to decribe system programs that are loaded into memory at boot times.

System Processes

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 8) Some services are provided outside of the kernel, by system programs that are loaded into memory at boot time that run the entire time the kernel is running. These are called _____

Init

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 8) The name of the first system process on UNIX

Interrupt

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 8) The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by an _____from either the hardware or the software. This is achieved by sending a signal to the CPU, typically by way of the system bus. This occurrence stops the CPU and transfers execution to a fixed location.

interrupt Vector

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 8) This is an array of addresses that is indexed by a unique device number, and then given the interrupt request to provide the address of the interrupt service retune for the interrupting device.

Starting Address

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 8) When the CPU is interrupted, and execution is transferred to a fixed location, this is normally found in the fixed location. This typically contains information as to where the service routine for the interrupt can be located.

Kilobyte (KB)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) 1,024 bytes

Megabyte (MB)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) 1024 ^2 bytes

Gigabyte (GB)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) 1024^3 bytes

Terabyte (TB)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) 1024^4 bytes

Petabyte (PB)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) 1024^5 bytes

Byte

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) 8 bits. This storage type is the smallest convenient chunk of storage.

Word

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) A given computer architecture's native unit of data. This unit is made of one or more bytes.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) General-purpose computers run most of their programs from rewritable memory, which is also called main memory or _____ for short.

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) Main memory commonly is implemented in a semiconductor technology, commonly referred to as ______

Bit

(OS, Intro, Computer-System Organization, pg. 9) This is the basic unit of computer storage. It can contain values, 0 and 1.

Moore's Law

(OS, Intro, Defining Operating Systems, pg. 6) A concept developed in the 19060's that predicted that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit would double every eighteen months

System Programs

(OS, Intro, Defining Operating Systems, pg. 6) These are programs that are associated with the operating system but not necessarily part of the kernel

Kernel

(OS, Intro, Defining Operating Systems, pg. 6) This term is used to describe the one program running at all times on the computer

Middleware

(OS, Intro, Defining Operating Systems, pg. 7) A set of software frameworks that provide additional services to application developers. For example, Apple's iOS and Google's Android both feature a core kernel along with software frameworks that support databases, multimedia, and graphics. These frameworks are known as ______

Input/Output Devices

(OS, Intro, Operating Systems, pg. 4) Hardware used by the computer to enter information into the computer system and to view or manage it.

Memory

(OS, Intro, Operating Systems, pg. 4) Hardware used by the computer to store data needed for immediate usage.

Application Programs

(OS, Intro, Operating Systems, pg. 4) These are programs that include all programs not associated with the operation of the system, including word processors, spreadsheets, compilers, and Web browsers.

Hardware

(OS, Intro, Operating Systems, pg. 4) These components provide basic computing resources for the system

Interrupt Driven

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 21) A feature of modern operating systems. A characteristic of operating systems that sit quietly when there are no processes to execute, no I/O decives to service, and no users to respond to.

Trap

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 21) an interruptance that signals the operating system that an event is occurring. It can be caused by an error or by a specific request from a user program that an operating system service be performed. Also called a exception.

Exception

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 21) an interruptance that signals the operating system that an event is occurring. It can be caused by an error or by a specific request from a user program that an operating system service be performed. Also called a trap.

Supervisor Mode

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 22) kernel mode

VMM (Virtual Machine Manager)

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 22) software that can create and manage virtual machines. This manager has more user privileges than use processes do, but less privileges than the Kernel

privileged instructions

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 22) the designation of machine instruction to protect an operating system.

User Mode

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 22) when a computer system is executing on behalf of a user application

Kernel Mode

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 22) when a user application requests a service from the operating system

Privilege Levels

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 23) These are access levels granted to specific processes in order to restrict or grant access to different operations.

timer

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 24) This is something that can be set to interrupt the computer after a specified period. It severs in preventing programs from getting stuck in infinite loops.

variable timer

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Operations, pg. 24) a timer that is implemented by a fixed rate clock and counter that allow for timer interrupts at various times

Job Pool

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 19) A pool that consists of all processes residing on disk awaiting allocations of main memory. Since all jobs can't be accommodated in the limited space provided by main memory, jobs are initially kept here.

Multiprogramming

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 19) The ability to increase CPU utilization by organizing jobs (code and data) so that the CPU always has one to execute.

Process

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) A program which is loaded into memory and executed

Virtual Memory

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) A technique that allows the execution of a process that is not completely in memory. It's main advantage is that it allows users to run programs that are larger than actual physical memory.

Response Time

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) The time it takes for an operating system to respond to an input.

CPU Scheduling

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) This is when the system must choose which job should run first when there are several jobs ready.

Swapping

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) This occurs as a means of ensuring reasonable response time. Processes are swapped in and out of main memory to the disk.

Job Scheduling

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) This when the system must choose which job should be brought into memory when there is not enough room for all of the memory.

Interactive

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) _______ computer systems provide direct communication between the user and a system.

Time Sharing

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) a logical extension of multiprogramming in which the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can interact with each program while it is running.

Multitasking

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 20) also know as time sharing in which the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them, but the switches occur so frequently that the users can interact with each program while it is running.

Physical Memory

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 21) The actual memory which available to run programs on a computer.

Logical Memory

(OS, Intro, Operating-System Structure, pg. 21) This is the abstraction of main memory that is viewed by the user from the physical memory.

Operating System

(OS, Intro, Overview, pg. 3) A program that manages a computer's hardware and provides a basis for application programs while acting as an intermediary between the computer user and the computer hardware.

Resource Allocator

(OS, Intro, System View, pg. 5) an operating system is a _____ because it's most intimately involved with the hardware. In being a _____, the operating system determines which resource a computer system should use to solve a problem.

Ease of Use

(OS, Intro, User View, pg. 5) Operating systems are designed for______ in order to maximize the work that the user is performing

Workstations

(OS, Intro, User View, pg. 5) These are computers that are connected to networks of other computers and servers. The resources among all of these connected devices are shared.

Servers

(OS, Intro, User View, pg. 5) This is a type of computer, broken down into the following categories: Compute, print and type.

Mainframe

(OS, Intro, User View, pg. 5) This is also known as a minicomputer. It allows other users t o acess the same computer through other terminals

Resource Utilization

(OS, Intro, User View, pg. 5) This is how various software and hardware resources are shared.

Touch Screen

(OS, Intro, User View, pg. 5) This is where the user interacts with the system by pressing and swiping fingers as opposed to using a physical keyboard and mouse

Control Program

(OS, Intro, User View, pg. 5) This manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices.