Chapter 1 Hawkins (cont.)

RMS Lusitania

A british passenger ship that was sunk by a german torpedo due to unrestricted submarine warfare. The Germans torpedoed and sunk this passenger ship off the coast of Ireland drawing the United States into WWI. The sinking of this British Ship caused an uprising in protests in the U.S. 128 American citizens were found dead because of the torpedo. Said to be a factor in the turmoil present between Germany and the United States, a key component to what caused the war between them two years later (World War |).

Scorched Earth Policy

A military strategy that aims to destroy anything that might be useful to the opponent. Helpful when the battle is close and stretching on; can cause the enemy to lose focus and become beatable or possibly surrender if they feel they cannot continue. Early example of this strategy was during the South African War in 1899. Lord Kitchener, a British Army officer, designed the destruction of the commandos and ruined arms (bodies of water), blockaded the countryside, and divided the civilian population into concentration camps. Overtime, this type of advancement in war has been taken into a harmful context, and was banned from warfare at the Geneva Convention in 1977. Non-severe Scorched Earth Policy is still allowed in warfare today, as long as it does not cause immediate harm to anyone involved.

Treaty of Vereeniging (1902)

A peace treaty created on May 31st, 1902. Signed after initial Boer approval from representatives of the British and Boer governments. Ended the Second Boer War between the South African Republic and the Republic of the Orange Free State, on the one side, and the British Empire on the other.This treaty helping in created a united South Africa and leading South Africa to now be a major part of the British Empire.

"The White Man's Burden"

A poem that was written to encourage the American government to take ownership of the Philippines and colonize the territory. Written by Rudyard Kipling, a British novelist and poet. Kipling supported imperialism and showed that throughout the poem as it is discussed to serve as justification for imperialist practices. Published in February of 1899 and took place during the rise of imperialism. Came out as a response to the U.S. taking over the Philippines after the Spanish-American War that took place in 1898. Powered by the motive that the British were superior to all nonwhite populations set in India and Africa.

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. Mostly associated with the political atmosphere of the United States in the 1930s. A strong example of Isolationism in work is Pre-World War ||. Although it was not the only cause, Isolationism is said the be a main reason for the start of the war because it allowed authoritarian rule to sweep the world with the League of Nations, worsening the after-effects of the Great Depression, and making diplomatic resolving impossible.

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

A rebellion in China of traditional Confucian farmers against the Qing dynasty and western incursions into China. Rebellion's key ideas were anti-foreigners, anti-Christians, and anti-imperialists of any kind. The US led an international force into China to suppress the Boxers, who wanted foreigners out of China. The rule of the Qing dynasty was restored and China remained open to trade with the West. Also referred to as the "Boxer Uprising" or the "Yihetuan Movement."

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. This U.S. policy was delivered by President James Monroe to Congress in December of 1823 to deliver the message that the U.S would no longer tolerate further European colonization or "puppet" monarchs. This statement has been used several times to importance, one being in 1962 when President John F. Kennedy declared a naval and air stoppage when the Soviet Union began the building of missile-launching sites in Cuba.

Genocide

A term used to describe a massacre involving a large number of people killed from a particular nation or ethnic group with the intention of affecting that nation or group in a negative way. Sources back to Raphael Lemkin, a Polish lawyer who is best known for creating the term back in 1944. One of the best known genocides to occur in history was the Holocaust; time period was around World War 2 (1939-1949) where nearly six million Jews were murdered for ethnicity reasons. Genocide has since gained the connotation of being a heavy term and obtains an argument over whether current/past history events should be referred to one.

Platt Amendment

A treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. Approved on May 22nd, 1903 after being introduced by Senator Orville H. Platt on February 25th, 1901 alongside the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

War of Attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses. First used in World War | after conflict stretched out over four years. Term was later developed by President Nasser in 1969 after stating his intentions to wear down Israel to maintain the upper hand and gain the Suez Canal.

Triple Alliance (1882)

Agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Signed in May of 1882 at the instigation of Bismarck. Purpose of this agreement was to guarantee the support of one another if any of the participating countries were attacked by either France or Russia. Germany and Austria-Hungary were already previously allied, and Italy was looking for support against their newly-found enemy France. This agreement was renewed every so often until put to rest before World War 1 in 1914.

Anglo-Russian Entente (1907)

Agreement signed in St Petersburg on August 31st, 1907. This was an agreement between Britain and Russia about spheres of influence in Asia. Britain and Russia ended their differences with this alliance as this agreement "put in place" the final piece of the alliance system. Since it's creation however, it has been associated with rising concerns about the threat of Germany. Historic tension known as "the Great Game" has been a key factor to these concerns.

Shimonoseki Treaty (1895)

Agreement that concluded the first Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) which was ended with China's defeat. With this treaty, China was forced to complete the following: recognize the independence of Korea (previously being totally controlled by the Chinese), give up territory of Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands, and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, give 200,000,000 taels (form of currency) to Japan, and open up several ports for Japanese trade.

Three Emperors' League (1873)

Alliance between the German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Occurred from 1873 to 1880. Group was formed with the intention of preventing future interventions and hostiles. For example, Austria-Hungary and Russia fought over territorial claims in the Balkans. Before it got any further, this alliance was created to prevent any future friction. The same can be said for their earlier relationship, as the hostile relationship between France and Germany also led to the development of this alliance (coming from Germany's perspective, gave the Germans allies.)

Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)

Alliance formed between Britain and Japan. Britain sought Japanese agreement to neutrality to counter possible Russian threat to India. Additional purpose of assisting the other in safeguarding their respective interests in China and Korea. This alliance was beneficial to both parties due to the following: Britain was not obligated to help Japan if conflict arose regarding their single adversary with Korean affairs and Japan was not obligated to defend Britain matters with India unless there were to adversaries (adversary - one's opponent in a conflict or dispute.)

Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

Alliance formed between France and Russia. Russia formed this alliance to protect itself against Germany and Austria-Hungary. France agreed because the French viewed Germans as the enemy and they wanted revenge after losing the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). This alliance was successful until its collapse in 1917. During this time frame, France was able to intensify its colonial policy: policy of enslavement and exploitation through the military, political, and economic force of peoples, countries, and territories.

Treaty of Berlin (1885)

An agreement made between the European powers, mostly Great Britain and France regarding their ongoing rivalry. Created at the Berlin Conference of 1885. Made with purpose to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa. Helped to establish free trade among the colonies. This treaty is argued to hold little significance as neither the agreement nor the conference initiated European colonization of Africa. However, it is recognized to have improved and formalized the process of colonization for the future.

Panama Canal (constr. & ops)

An artificial 82km/51mi waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The building was started in 1881 by a French company, led by former diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps who had experience with digging Egypt's Suez Canal. The construction process of the canal was gruesome due to poor planing, engineering problems, and tropical diseases. Several thousands of workers died due to the rough conditions. The Panama Canal was finished and began operating on August 15th, 1914 and provides a newer/better route for international trade and military transport.

Effectively Occupied

An international law that indicates territory/other property will remain in possession of the party or parties that seized it during a war. Term is most remembered to be used in the Berlin Conference (1884) as this is where it was established by European powers. Put into terms and describes in the "General Act." Used as an example with acts made by European Counties. This meant that the land was genuinely under the control of the European nation - it could be properly administered and defended.

Alfred Von Schlieffen (GER)

Born on February 28th, 1833 in Berlin and died there on January 4th, 1913. Referred to generally as Count Schlieffen and was a German field marshal/strategist who was chief of the Imperial German General Staff (1891-1906). Married to Anna Gräfin von Schlieffen. Helped in developing the Schlieffen Plan which was the plan of attack that the German armies used along with several modifications at the start of World War |.

Tsar Nicholas II, Russia

Born on May 18th, 1868 in Alexander Palace, Tsarskoye Selo and died on July 17th, 1918 in Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg. Nicknamed "Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer" in the Russian Orthodox Church. Ruled as Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from November 1st, 1894 until March 15th, 1917. Married to Alexandra Feodorovna. He was abdicated in 1917 due to his poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia's role in World War |.

King Edward VII (UK)

Born on November 9th, 1841 in Buckingham Palace, London and died there on May 6th, 1910. King of the following regions: United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, and British Dominions. He also served as the Emperor of India from January 22nd, 1901 till his death in 1910. Married to Alexandra of Denmark. Played a hand in the modernization of the British Home Fleet and the reorganization of the British Army after the Second Boer War. (1899-1902).

Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji), Japan

Emperor Meiji (or "Meiji the Great") ruled as Emperor of Japan from February 3rd of 1867 till his death on July 30th 1912. Born on November 3rd of 1852 in Japan. Supporter on the need of modernization for Japan along Western standards due to cultural and economic isolation that was occurring. Known as becoming the symbol of the drastic transformation of Japan from a feudal closed society into one of the great powers of the modern world.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)

Fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire in 1904-1905. War started due to existing tensions over territorial expansion in East Asia. Russia had just gained Port Arthur and expanded into Manchuria (northeastern China) which set off Japans "radar." Japan's armies defeated Russian troops in Manchuria, and its navy destroyed almost an entire Russian fleet. For the first time in modern history, an Asian power humbled a European nation. Ended in a Japanese victory and established the Meiji as an industrial power. Also signaled the weakness of Russia.

The Great War

Known as World War I and the War to End All Wars: a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919. These great powers included most European Nations, Russia, the United States, and the Middle East. Two codes included the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) and the Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and later the United States). After four years of battle, the Allies won this war ending with an agreement known as the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Known as one of the greatest watersheds (event that marked historical change and caused others to follow) of the 20th century.

Stock Market

Mass amount of buyers and sellers of stocks (shares) which represent ownership claims on businesses. Vary from public to private stock exchange, such as shares of private companies sold to investors through equity platforms. Electronic trading through the internet. Also referred to as "equity market" or "share market."

Pacifist

One who is against war or the use of violence; to oppose war or violence. Pacifists have varying reasons for their bitterness towards battle, but the main cause of their refusal is if they feel their country is engaging in an unjust war. Major pacifist figures include Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism. Sometime between 400 to 600 B.C.E., Siddhartha converted to becoming a Pacifist and taught his followers that it was wrong to "inflict suffering on any living thing."

Schlieffen Plan

Operational plan created in December of 1905 by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen. Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia; defense strategy of attacking France once Russia mobilized its forces near the German Border in response to rising tensions. The execution of this plan caused Britain to declare war in Germany in August 4th, 1914.

Dual Alliance (1879)

Pact made in 1879 between the Austria-Hungary and German Empire. Both empires feared Russia and made this promise in order to guarantee their support for the other if Russia or any other major power attacked them. Otto von Bismarck, former minister president of Prussia, saw this alliance as a way to preserve Germany's power and ran with it. Although this alliance had the intention of granting peace, Bismarck created tension towards Austria-Hungary as he offered them to Russia. This alliance went downhill and is argued to play a part in causing World War 1 which would occur from July of 1914 to November of 1918.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. Roosevelt stated this in 1904 during his State of the Union address, following the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-1903. This extension had the intention of justifying U.S. military intervention in Latin America specifically if necessary in order to stall interference by European nations. This extension was successful in abolishing "chronic wrongdoing" of any kind from a European or Latin American country.

Reinsurance Treaty (1887)

Secret agreement between Germany and Russia. Led by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck following the deconstruction of the Three Emperor's League in 1887. Bismarck sought to remain on good terms with Russia despite the failure of the Three Emperors' League and the Russian perception that they had been treated harshly at the Congress of Berlin (1878). Original purpose was to ensure both Germany and Russia's neutrality in the event that either went to war with another power. This treaty ended in 1890 due to Kaiser Wilhelm ||, a former German Emperor, refusing to renew it and dismissing Bismarck.

Entente Cordiale (1904)

Series of Anglo-French agreements created on April 8th, 1904. This treaty settled controversial matters about trade and colonies and settled antagonists between Great Britain and France. The most common misconception with this agreement was if it was an alliance/commitment. It was not and just reduced their isolations and got rid of any past problems they still had with each other.

Twenty-One Demands (1915)

Set of demands given to China from the Japanese on January 18th, 1915 arguing for privileges for Japan during World War |. Delivered as an ultimatum and China was forced to accept. Privileges include mining bases and port access as Japan wanted to boost their railway and mining systems at the time.

The Boer Wars

Set of two wars. First Boer War fought in South African Republic from December of 1880 to March of 1881. Fought between Britain and the self-governing Boer colonies. Started due to an ultimatum from the Boer colonies that the British must stop building up their forces in their territory or else they would continue to deny civil rights to settlers. Boer won this battle. Second Boer War fought in South Africa as well and once again between British and Boer colonies, this time in October of 1899 till May of 1902. Started due to conflicting ideas on policies such as imperialism and republicanism. British won this battle despite huge losses of money and people, win semi-normal British control once again.

Zimmerman Telegram/Note

Telegram in which Germany encouraged Mexico to attack US to get back land in an effort to keep US out of World War I; partial reason US entered WWI. Written by Arthur Zimmermann and sent on March 1st, 1917. Says that if Germany can't keep the US neutral, they'd give Mexico financial support to attack the US in order to regain their lost territories. German Foreign Minister (Zimmermann) suggested that if Mexico became a German ally it could regain territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona that it lost to the U.S. in 1848.

Protectionism

The economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. This tactic is used by countries in order to allow the government of a country to promote domestic producers, goods, and services. This can help boost economic activity within a country. Protectionism first became popular in the 17th and 18th centuries because of their common use by European monarchies.

"Scramble for Africa"

The fight of invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of the territory of Africa by European Powers. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal were the main countries involved in this struggle. Extended from 1884 to 1914 when Britain had gained majority control of the land in Africa. Pushed for the intention of economical benefit; having African land would establish a new market for selling goods. This benefit sounded more than appealing to Europe, which led to all the participating countries wanting in, hence the struggle.

Theodore Roosevelt, US

Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901-1909. Born on October 27th, 1858 in New York, NY and died on January 6, 1919 in Oyster Bay, NY. Referred to as a writer, naturalist, and soldier. Supported public interest of conflicts and converted the U.S. into being more involved in world politics, specifically conflicts dealing with Europe and Asia. Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his work in leading the Russo-Japanese War to an end and beginning the construction of the Panama Canal.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Treaty signed on September 5th, 1905 that ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). The U.S. mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. Russia received the most loss from this treaty, being forced to surrender territory like Port Arthur, evacuate Manchuria, and recognize Korea as independent. Japan won the Russo-Japanese War, but did not receive everything it conquered.

Anglo-Zulu War (1879)

War between the British Empire and Zulu Kingdom. Lasted nearly six months from January to July of 1879 and took place in South Africa. Started as British troops invaded Zululand to push their demands onto the Zulu Kingdom after being denied a federation (group states with a central government but independent internal affairs.) British remained victorious after forcing the Zulus to surrender, ending the war and allowing the British to annex/take possession of Zululand.

Spanish American War (1898)

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. Tensions were high after the explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba (February 15th, 1898). America intervened "on behalf of" Cuba and phillippines, but really wanted to establish itself as a strong power. The war lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.