Chapter 1 Homework

If there are 5 nucleotide differences between species A and B, 12 between species A and C, and 14 between species B and C, one can conclude A) species A and B shared a common ancestor after they shared a common ancestor with species C. B) species A and B shared a common ancestor before they shared a common ancestor with species C. C) species A is more closely related to species C than it is to species B. D) species B is more closely related to species C than it is to species A.

A) species A and B shared a common ancestor after they shared a common ancestor with species C.

Select the kingdoms established by Aristotle over 2300 years ago. A) Monera and Fungi B) Animalia and Plantae C) Plantae and Bacteria D) Animalia and Protists E) Fungi and Plantae

B) Animalia and Plantae

A phylogenetic tree shows the ___. A) Classification of organisms B) Evolutionary history of organisms C) Mutation rate of DNA D) Physiology of organisms

B) Evolutionary history of organisms

Microbes are useful models for research for several reasons. Which of the following reasons is INCORRECT? A) Many microbes can grow rapidly on inexpensive media and be genetically manipulated quite easily. B) They are difficult to cultivate in the lab. C) Many of them have metabolic and regulatory pathways that are very similar to those found in more complex organisms (e.g., complex eukaryotes). D) They can be used for large-scale production of chemical compounds and useful macromolecules.

B) They are difficult to cultivate in the lab.

Which of the following is not a reason to use microbes as research models? A) Many are easily cultivated in the lab B) They have large genomes C) They can be easily genetically manipulated D) They can facilliate production of enzymes and other proteins

B) They have large genomes

Which of the following may be a function of proteins within a cell? A) To be a polypeptide B) To catalyze chemical reactions C) To provide instructions for assembly of polypeptides D) Energy storage

B) To catalyze chemical reactions

How did the atmospheric O2 concentration rise? A) Via plants B) Via cyanobacteria C) Via influx of O2 from respiration D) By using the energy of the sun

B) Via cyanobacteria

An important finding from Edward Jenner's vaccination experiment A) vaccines are effective against all microorganisms. B) immunity to one microorganism can be conferred by exposure to a closely related microorganism. C) vaccines are effective only against viruses. D) all of these choices.

B) immunity to one microorganism can be conferred by exposure to a closely related microorganism.

Evolutionary relationships between two organisms can be inferred based on A) the type of genetic material used as an organism's genome B) the number of nucleotide differences between two sequences C) the size of the cell D) the arrangement of cellular components

B) the number of nucleotide differences between two sequences

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life? A) Respond to stimuli B) evolution C) Being multicellular D) homeostasis

C) Being multicellular

Which is more efficient in getting ATP from glucose? A) Fermentation because it does not require O2 B) They are equal C) Respiration—it produces approximately 34 more ATP D) Respiration, but it can only happen in eukaryal cells

C) Respiration—it produces approximately 34 more ATP

The ingredients needed for PCR include: A) Primers. B) RNA. C) Two of these choices. D) ATP. E) DNA.

C) Two of these choices.

Microbes exhibit a wide variety of fermentative pathways. The one thing they all have in common is A) oxygen is used as the external electron acceptor. B) elemental sulfur is used as the external electron acceptor. C) the fermented substance is both an electron donor and electron acceptor. D) they all use sugar as the fermentable substance.

C) the fermented substance is both an electron donor and electron acceptor.

How do vaccines work? A) by exposing an individual to a weakened version of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity. B) by exposing an individual to a small piece of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity. C) exposing an individual to an inactivated version of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity. D) All of these choices are correct.

D) All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is a characteristic of Eukarya? A) Absence of nuclear membrane B) Cell wall in all species C) Having a single RNA polymerase D) Histones

D) Histones

How does a mutation in the DNA cause a change in a protein's function? A) It causes a change in the amino acids present which cause a change in the RNA B) It causes an organism to be unable to make the correct proteins C) It causes a change in how proteins are localized in the cell D) It causes a change in the RNA which changes the amino acid in the protein

D) It causes a change in the RNA which changes the amino acid in the protein

All of the following are domains except: A) Bacteria B) Eukarya C) Archaea D) Protista E) None of these choices

D) Protista

An important challenge in the global effort to battle infectious diseases is A) access to vaccines and antibiotics is limited in many parts of the world. B) the development of resistance to common antibiotics. C) the lack of vaccines against several important diseases. D) all of these choices.

D) all of these choices.

Which of the following measures has been effective in controlling and reducing deaths from infectious diseases? A) improved hygiene in healthcare settings. B) discovery and widespread use of vaccines and the development of antibiotics. C) improved public health measures including sewage treatment and garbage removal. D) improved preparation and handling of food and water. E) All of these choices are correct.

E) All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Archaea? A) Nuclear membrane B) Cell wall C) Having a single RNA polymerase D) Histones

A) Nuclear membrane