Chapter 1 Manned Space Exploration Science Test Quizlet

What happened to the Columbia?

A highly successful mission of the Columbia began on January 16, 2003. After a flawless mission, the orbiter came back into the atmosphere the morning on February 1. As it came over the state of California, pieces began breaking off and burning up as they traveled through the atmosphere. It continued to drop pieces over Texas and Louisiana, making retrieving all the parts for investigation a difficult task. The primary cause of this disaster was the intense friction of re-entry into the atmosphere. (If you want to read more on this, go to page 17 of your book.)

Russia was also the first country to put what into space?

A human. This was on April 12, 1961. His name was Yuri Gagarin.

What was the first thing that mankind ever sent into space?

A satellite called Sputnik, launched by the Soviet Union. All the satellite did was send a radio signal back to mission control in Russia.

What happened on Apollo 13?

After one of their oxygen tanks exploded, a series of problems caused this mission not to land on the moon. They used the moon's gravity to slingshot around the moon while they stayed in the lunar module as a lifeboat. The people of mission control worked around the clock to get them home safely. (Come see the movie in the Physical Science room on 1/27/15 at 3:30 PM.)

Why did Kennedy want to go to the moon?

Because he believed it was important for national security, for supremacy in scientific exploration, and for national pride.

What happened on Apollo 2-6?

Because of the investigation of the Apollo 1 fire and the desire to make things safer, these missions were unmanned testing missions.

In his motivational moon speech, what did John F. Kennedy say?

By the end of May, John F. Kennedy shocked the world by announcing that America would commit funding to NASA with the goal of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth before the end of the decade.

Orbit

Going a full circle around a body. Low earth orbit requires a minimum speed of 17,000mi/hr.

Space shot

Going into space and back quickly following the path of a missile, without going into orbit.

What happened on Apollo 12?

It landed at a precise location in the "Ocean of Storms". It was supposed to broadcast color television, but the camera was damaged. They brought back the Surveyor 3 probe that had been on the moon for two years.

At one point, Kennedy proposed to "team up" with the Russians in getting to the moon, rather than competing with them. What happened to make this decision void?

JFK was assassinated. The Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was prepared to say "yes" to the proposal, but he changed his answer to "no" because he didn't trust Lyndon B. Johnson (the president after JFK).

What was inside the Saturn V rocket?

Most of the rocket was used to hold the fuel for the launch. Part of it was also an instrument unit which contained the guidance system to keep them pointed in the right direction.

What was the first name for the United States' national space program?

National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA). It was changed to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Go to (*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHtvDA0W34I*) to view Felix Baumgartner's free fall.

OK

What happened in the Apollo 1 fire?

On January 27, 1967, the three astronauts of Apollo 1 were in the capsule for this test. One of the issues they were trying to address was a communications problem. The people at mission control were having trouble hearing everything the astronauts said, and they wanted to diagnose and solve this problem before the February launch. While they were working on it, someone at mission control heard Ed White say the words, "We have a fire in the cockpit." They heard screams and the cracking of the cockpit hull.

What happened on Apollo 11?

On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin walk on the moon while Michael Collins orbits in the command module. After landing, Buzz Aldrin marked the occasion by taking communion. When Neil Armstrong took his first step, he said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Give a summary of the Gemini program.

The Gemini program was developed to achieve rendezvous, docking, and EVA. There had to be a second person for these missions to be possible. The larger Titan II rocket was able to launch a larger capsule with more capability for long term flights. One of the Gemini missions stayed in space for over 13 days, establishing that man could stay weightless for the amount of time it would take to get to the moon and back without critical medical problems.

What is the name of a very advanced telescope?

The Hubble Telescope is a very advanced telescope. (But it is not a space station.)

What is the main fuel tank?

The space shuttle requires a lot of fuel to get to the 17000 mi/hr needed to achieve orbit. After the solid rocket boosters were jettisoned, the main fuel tank provided the rest of the thrust needed to get to that speed. It contained liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, which were supplied together to react in the shuttle engines. This part was not re-usable and was dropped from the shuttle to break up in the atmosphere, leaving only some small pieces to fall in the ocean.

What is a space shuttle?

The space shuttle was a reusable vehicle designed to be used for low earth orbit missions and could carry a seven person crew for work in space. It consisted of three main parts, the orbiter, the solid rocket boosters, and the main fuel tank.

What were the small goals that we had to achieve in order to get to the moon?

1. Achieve orbit around the earth. 2. Study the effects on the human body of staying in space for 2 weeks or longer. 3. Rendezvous and dock two spacecraft together. 4. Send a person out of the spacecraft and get him back into it. 5. Land precisely. 6. Achieve orbit around the moon.

What four factors caused the Apollo 1 fire?

1. Arc from frayed wires 2. High pressure oxygen environment 3. Flammable materials 4. Manual hatch (Please, if you want more information on these factors, go to page 14 in your book. I just didn't include all the information here because it would be too cumbersome.)

Here are some great movies about space (that actually have some basis on science):

1. Interstellar (PG-13) 2. Gravity (PG-13) 3. The Martian (PG-13) 5. Apollo 13 (PG)

What kinds of research are being done regarding going to Mars?

1. Radiation 2. Microgravity 3. Medical 4. Phycological (Please, if you want more information on this research, go to page 19 in your book. I just didn't include all the information here because it would be too cumbersome.) (You will be writing an essay on whether or not we should go to Mars.)

What three factors caused the Challenger disaster?

1. Solid rocket boosters 2. Cold weather 3. Frozen rubber cracks (Please, if you want more information on these factors, go to page 16 in your book. I just didn't include all the information here because it would be too cumbersome.)

What was NASA assigned to do?

1. The expansion of human knowledge in space. 2. The improvement of space vehicles. 3. The development of vehicles that are able to exist in space. 4. The establishment of studies that have to do with space and aspects outside of our atmosphere. 5. The preservation of the United States as a leader in space exploration.

Give some information about Mir.

After the dissolving of the Soviet Union, Russia was still interested in pursuing space goals. In 1986, they launched the space station Mir (Russian for Peace) under the newly formed Russian Federal Space Agency. This was a fairly successful station that remained in orbit until 2001. While it was a Russian owned station, astronauts from twelve other countries, including the United States, did serve there on various missions. The Mir would likely have stayed in service longer if plans had not been made for a massive space station made jointly by the space programs of five nations.

What happened on Apollo 14?

Alan Shepard returns to space for the first time since being the first American in space. It was the first to broadcast color television from the moon. It was the first to do scientific testing on moon rocks. Alan Shepard hit a golf ball on the surface.

Who was the first American in space?

Alan Shepard. His 15-minute space-shot was accomplished on May 5, 1961.

Give some information about Skylab.

America's first station was called Skylab. It was constructed of Saturn V rocket parts, revamped for lab work and living quarters. During the time it was in service, nine astronauts worked there on three separate visits. While it was short lived, important work was done on Skylab. This image shows some of the experiments that were done during that time.

EVA (aka Spacewalk)

Extra Vehicular Activity - when an astronaut left the spacecraft

What happened to the Challenger space craft?

Public interest in space exploration had decreased, so NASA decided to put a civilian on the 25th shuttle launch. They chose a high school history teacher, Christa McAuliffe, from among over 11,000 applicants for the program. She trained for six months and prepared lessons that would be broadcast live from space. The publicity worked, as students all over America gathered in school auditoriums on January 28, 1986, to watch the launch live on CNN. Seventy three seconds into the Challenger launch, a puff of smoke was observed coming out of the side, followed quickly by the explosion of the entire craft. The nation went into mourning.

What happened on Apollo 1?

Sadly, Apollo 1 never launched. The three astronauts died in a fire during a launch pad test. We will look at it in more detail in section 4.

Give a summary of the Mercury program.

The Mercury program was used to quickly reach some of the smaller goals. They used Redstone rockets to launch one man, achieving orbit, perfecting communications, and studying the impact on the astronaut as flights became longer.

What was the top section of the Saturn V rocket made of?

The actual spacecraft sitting at the top was made of three sections. The command module was where the astronauts manned the controls during take off and splashdown. The service module, which had more space, was where they lived during the trip. The lunar module was a lightweight craft used for actually landing on the moon.

Give some information about the International Space Station.

The first component of the International Space Station (ISS) was launched in 1998. It is massive, containing 15 pressurized modules in which astronauts can live and work. It is so large that it can be seen with the naked eye if a person knows what they are looking for at the appropriate time. It has been continuously occupied for fourteen years by astronauts from 15 different nations. Much research has been done in multiple scientific fields during that time.

What happened to the orbiters?

The five orbiters flew for 30 years, beginning in 1981. They performed 135 missions during that time. They were retired in 2011, having had their service life extended several times.

Give a summary of the Apollo program.

The massive Saturn V rocket used in the Apollo mission was the most complex and massive vehicle man had ever attempted to make. It was three hundred feet tall, carrying enough fuel to carry three men, the lunar module, and the command module 250,000 miles to the moon. We will look at the Apollo program in more detail.

What are solid rocket boosters?

The solid rocket boosters were called solid because they carried solid fuel, which burned for the first two minutes of launch. When they were released, their parts were recovered from the ocean, refurbished, and used again. In fact, some parts from the very first shuttle mission were still being used thirty years later on the last shuttle mission. The solid rocket boosters provided about 80% of the thrust needed for launch.

What is the orbiter?

The space shuttle orbiter is the part that orbited the earth with the astronauts in it, carried cargo into space, docked with the space station, re-entered the atmosphere, and landed on wheels on a runway. It was taken back to Florida on the back of a 747 because it was too powerful to fly within the earth's atmosphere. "There were a total of six named orbiters, named for antique sailing ships. Five of these orbiters actually flew in space. They were Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavor. The first orbiter, Enterprise, was only used for testing within the atmosphere, so it was designed without engines or a heat shield.

What happened on Apollo 16?

They continued to do geological research and perform scientific experiments on the moon.

What did they do with the left over parts of the Saturn V rocket?

They created the Skylab space station, which was put together in 1973.

What happened on Apollo 15?

This crew landed in the Hadley Apennine Mountain range on the moon and did extensive geological research. They were the first to drive the lunar rover, which allowed them to explore farther distances from the lunar module.

What happened on Apollo 9?

This mission spent 10 days in Earth orbit. It tested that the lunar module could fly and dock. It was first to test the Portable Life Support System, which meant an astronaut could space walk without being attached to the ship.

What happened on Apollo 7?

This mission went into high earth orbit to test the larger rocket and was the first to broadcast live television.

What happened on Apollo 10?

This was a rehearsal for the landing. Apollo 10 orbited the moon, released the lunar module, descended to 8.4 miles from the moon's surface, and docked with the command module. (They did everything but land!)

What happened on Apollo 8?

This was the first manned mission to take the craft all the way to the moon. It went into lunar orbit on Christmas Eve and broadcast the astronauts reading from Genesis Chapter 1 live.

What happened on Apollo 17?

This was the last manned moon mission and the first to launch at night. There were supposed to be three more, but Congress cut the funding. This mission carried the first professional scientist, Jack Schmidt, into space. He was able to provide a professional eye to the geological research.

Rendezvous

Two ships launched separately meeting up with each other at a specific time.

Docking

Two ships linking together and traveling as one unit.