Chapter 1 - Peace & Development

Mahatma Gandhi

"Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man."

Direct Violence/Physical Violence

"behavioral" violence such as war, bullying, domestic violence.

Barnaby (1989)

"human behavior is related to availability of basic resources."

Raymond Aron

"peace as more or less lasting suspension of violent modes of rivalry between political units."

Johan Galtung

"peace does not mean the total absence of any conflict. It means the absence of violence in all forms and the unfolding of conflict in a constructive way."

Betty Reardon

"peace educators defines violence as humanly inflicted harm.

R.J. Rummel

"peace is a state of law or civil government, a state of justice or goodness, a balance or equilibrium of powers."

Hugo Grotius

"peace is defined as merely the absence of war or direct violence."

Thee (1982)

"peace was that of absence of death and destruction as a result of war and physical/direct violence."

Birgit Brock

"violence can be categorized as organized or unorganized."

Unorganized Violence

It is usually done by an individual or groups in a spontaneous includes wife battering, rape, child abuse and street crime.

Peace

It means dignity, well-being for all, no just absence of war.

Indirect Violence (Structural Violence)

It often unconscious; structural violence results from unjust and inequitable social and economic structures and manifesting itself in for example, poverty and deprivation of all kinds.

Interpersonal Violence

It refers to violence between individuals, and is subdivided into family and intimate partner violence and community violence.

Collective Violence

It refers to violence committed by larger groups of individuals and can be subdivided into social, political and economic violence.

Self-directed Violence

It refers to violence in which the perpetrator and the victim are the same individual and is subdivided into self-abuse and suicide.

Organized Violence

It refers to war that occurs between states or within a state.

Disarmament

Learners can be introduced to the goal of abolishing war and reducing global armed forces and armaments.

Development Based on Justice

Learners can be made critically aware of the realities and tragic consequences of structural violence and how a philosophy of development based on justice is a preferred alternative.

Nonviolence

Learners can study the philosophical and spiritual underpinnings of nonviolence as well as its efficacy as a method to effect change.

Sustainable Development

Learners need to understand the interdependent relationship between humans and the natural environment and understand the changes that are necessary to ensure the well-being of the earth's ecosystem such that it can continue to meet future and present needs.

Openness/Tolerance

openness to the processes of growth and change as well as willingness to approach and receive other people's ideas, beliefs and experiences with a critical but open mind; respecting the rich diversity of our world's spiritual traditions, cultures, and forms of expression.

Compassion

sensitivity to the difficult conditions and suffering of other people and acting with deep empathy and kindness toward those who are marginalized/excluded.

Empathy

the ability to see the perspective of another person or group and to feel what that person or group feels.

Reflection

the use of reflective thinking or reasoning, through which they deepen their understanding of themselves and their connectedness to others and to the living earth.

Cooperation

valuing of cooperative processes and the principle of working together toward the pursuit of common goals.

Respect for Life/Nonviolence

valuing of human life and refusal to respond to an adversary or conflict situation with violence; preference for nonviolent processes such as collaborative problem-solving and other positive techniques as against the use of physical force and weapons.

Gender Equality

valuing the right of women to enjoy equal opportunities with men and to be free form abuse, exploitation and violence.

Social Responsibility

willingness to take action to contribute to the shaping of a society characterized by justice, non-violence and well-being; sense of responsibility toward present and future generations.

Group Building

working cooperatively with one another in order to achieve common goals.

Psychological Peace

- It is considered important in establishing "behavioral peace". - peaceful behavior sometimes results from a "peaceful inner disposition".

1. Well-functioning government 2. Sound business environment 3. Equitable distribution of resources 4. Acceptance of the rights of others 5. Good relations with neighbors 6. Free flow of information 7. High level of human capital 8. Low levels of corruption

8 Pillars of Peace

Johan Galtung

A peace theorist and researcher, argues that, "Structural violence occurs when the wealth of the nation is based on labor and the people are required to live diminished lives of deprivation."

Personal Peace

A state of calm, serenity and tranquility of mind that arise due to having no sufferings or mental distribution such as worry, anxiety, greed, desire, hatred, ill-will, delusion and/or other defilements.

Conflict and Violence

Conflicts are natural part of person's social life, but they become problems of violence depending on the methods of conflict resolution used.

12%

Direct war

Society

Factors that help to create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited.

1.5 Million

Globally, violence takes the lives of more than __________________ people annually.

35%

Homicide

Environmental Peace

It examines and advocates environmental protection and cooperation as a factor in creating more peaceful relations; respect for the environment and sustainable development.

Inter-Personal Peace

It involves acceptance of differences and diversity among people, resolving disagreements and conflicts non-violently, with dialog and discussion; relating to others with compassion, empathy and a sense of justice; living with them harmoniously.

Human Rights

It is important for learners to have an integral understanding of human rights and to reject all forms of repression and discrimination based on beliefs, race, ethnicity, gender and social class.

Democratization

It is important for learners to understand that democracy provides the environment within which people's fundamental rights, interests and wishes are respected.

Holistic Concept of Peace

It is important that students understand that peace is not just the absence of direct/physical violence but also the presence of conditions of well-being, cooperation and just relationships in the human and ecological spheres.

Cultural Violence

It is the devaluating and destruction of particular human identities and ways of life, the violence of sexism, ethnocentrism, racism and colonial ideologies, and other forms of moral exclusion that rationalize aggression, domination, inequity, and oppression.

Personal

It is the first level identifies biological and personal factors that influence how individuals behave and increase their likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence.

Family or Friends

It is the second level focuses on close relationships, such as those with family and friends.

Community

It is the third level; risk at this level may be affected by factors such as the existence of a local drug trade, the absence of social networks, and concentrated poverty.

Local Peace

Love and respect among neighbors or residents of the local community.

Human Solidarity

Many commonalities bind together divergent religious, cultural, local and national groups. All humans have common basic needs and aspirations and a shared membership in an interdependent human/global community.

Communication

listening attentively and with empathy, as well as the ability to express ideas and needs clearly and in a non-aggressive way.

3%

Other forms of conflict

Social Sense

Peace is understood as a "lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups.

Domestic Peace

Peace that comes from mutual respect among respect among family members, mutual assistance among members of the family and household.

International Peace

Respect for the culture and way of life other races/nations.

Social/National Peace

Respect, trust, love and understanding of people pf different social groups (religion, ethnic background and social status).

Peace

Societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence.

Conflict Resolution, Transformation and Prevention

Students can study effective ways of resolving conflicts non-violently and how these can be applied into their lives.

50%

Suicide

Violence

The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.

Structural Violence

Unlike the direct or physical violence, are not readily or obviously observed. However, the effect is the same as this type of violence causes sufferings and even death to a great population of people.

Conflict Resolution

ability to analyze conflicts in an objective and systematic way and to suggest a range of nonviolent solutions.

Decision-Making

ability to analyze problems, develop alternative solutions, analyze alternative solutions considering advantages and disadvantages, and having arrived at the preferred decision, ability to prepare a plan for implementation of the decision.

Critical Thinking and Analysis

ability to approach issues with an open but critical mind; knowing how to research, question, evaluate and interpret evidence; ability to recognize and challenge prejudices and unwarranted claims as well as change opinions in the face of evidence and rational arguments.

Justice

acting with a sense of fairness towards others, upholding the principle of equality and rejection of all forms of exploitation and oppression.

Ecological Concern

caring for the natural environment, preference for sustainable living and a simple lifestyle.

Global Concern

caring for the whole human community transcending or going beyond the concern which they have for their nation or local/ethnic government.

Imagination

creating and imagining new paradigms and new preferred ways of living and relating.

Respect for Others

having a sense of the worth and inherent dignity of other people, including those wit social, religious, cultural and family backgrounds different from their own.

Self-respect

having a sense of their own worth and a sense of pride in their own particular social, cultural and family background as well as a sense of their own power and goodness which will enable them to contribute toward positive change.

Positive Vision

imaging the kind of future they prefer with a sense of hope and pursuing its realization in ways that they can.