Chapter 1 Psychology

Which of the following is true of doing research with people? A) The research is the highest priority B) For children, researchers need only the child's agreement in order to use them in a study C) sometimes people react in unexpected ways to manipulations in an experiment D) Researchers may share the names and information of participants with researchers conducting other studies

C) Sometimes people react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment

Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to A) only human behavior B) overt reactions C) all internal, covert activity of our minds D) outward actions

C) all internal, covert activity of our minds

While the word critical sis often viewed as meaning ''negative'' the use of this term in ''critical thinking'' is more related to the word (blank) A) bias B) acceptance C) criteria D) truth

C) criteria

Dr. Mason Observes that the students in her class who read both the text and visual presentations tend to perform better on her exams than the students who simply read the text or visual aids alone. Dr. Mason's observation best depicts which goal of psychology? A) explanation B) prediction C) description D) control

C) description

In psychology, researchers try to find the answer to A) philosophical questions B) questions that involve values C) empirical questions D) questions that involve beliefs

C) empirical questions

Consider the following statement: ''Women avoid computer science because it is stereotypically dominated by males. This, in turns, leads many women to feel that the field is not accessible to them. ''This is an example of a(n) (blank) A) observation B) prediction C) explanation D) control

C) explanation

Psychologists in the counseling specialization A) are considered medical doctors B) need no special training C) must be licenses to practice in their states D) make up the vast majority of psychological professionals

C) must be licensed to practice in their states

Description involves (blank) a person's behavior and noting everything about it. A) predicting B) changing C) observing D) controlling

C) observing

The textbook defines a (blank) as someone who seeks wisdom and knowledge through thinking and discussion A) Psychiatrist B) Psychologist C) Philosopher D) Psychoanalyst

C) philosopher

Scientists report their results even if an experiment failed because A) other researchers will know not to test that particular theory B) the APA requires it C) researchers studying the same things will gain from what has already been learned D) professionals should admit they're wrong

C) researchers studying same things will gain from what has already been learned

Degree: aa

Career options: -social services -human resources -residental care -drug/alcohol counseling

The theory of operant conditioning was developed by A) Carl rogers B) John B Watson C) Abraham Maslow D) B. F. Skinner

D) B. F. Skinner

(blank) are personal; judgments based on beliefs rather than facts A) observations B) predictions C) perspectives D) Biases

D) Biases

Difference between psychologist Vs. Psychiatrists

Psychologist: Evaluates and studies mental and behavior processes -Need a doctorate degree Psychiatrists: Prescribe medication Work place: hospital, mental institution

Ivan Pavlov

Worked with dogs: conditioning reflex response (involuntary reaction) ex) salivation

Sigmund Freud

a neurologist who discovered unconscious (unaware) mind where we push, repress all threatening urges and desires personality development Psychoanalysis (psychotherapy) trained psychological professional helps a person gain insights into and change his or her behavior

observer effect

animal and people know they are being watched they wont act normal, have disguise so people wont know you're there

experimenter effect

behavior of the experimenter caused participant to change his or her response pattern

behavioral perspective

behavioral response that follow pleasurable consequences ex) baby cries so mom goes to baby, so the baby will continue to cry in future

John B Watson ''science of behavior''

behaviorism -observable behavior -something that could be directly seen and measured - a phobia can be cured, conditioned behavior was a result of a stimulus

evolutionary perspective

biological bases for universal characteristics that all humans sahre

double-blind study

both participant and researcher are blind

correlation coefficient

mathematical formula direction of relationship and its strength

correlation

measure of the relationship between two variables

surveys

not always reliable pple arent truthful

Wilhelm Wundt ''father of psychology" objective introspection

objective introspection: examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities ex) reactions to a object

naturalistic observation

realistic picture of how behavior occurs in natural environment

control group

receives no treatment or treatment that has no effects

participant observation

researchers and participants are in the same room but researchers are behind a one-way mirror

Rise of behavior

stimulus and response using language, memory, and problem solving ex) language: mom repeats ''mom'' to baby waiting for a response

Edward Titchener (1867) structuralism

structuralism: ever experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations ex) reactions to a color

Sociocultural perspective

study of groups, social roles, cultural norms ex) behave different in front of family then friends

psychodynamic perspective

underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

independent variable

variable that is manipulated in any experiment

Psychology

- study of soul and mind -study of mental processes and behavior - study of human and animal behavior and mental processes

Degree: M.A

-Business -MFCC (Marriage, family, child counselor) - school psychologist -PPS school counselor - JC instructor -school psychologist

Degree: BA

-Education -mental health worker

Degree PH. D.

-clinical psychologist -university professor -research

steps of a scientific method

1) perceiving the question 2) forming a hypothesis -form an educated guess about explanation of your observations 3) Testing the hypothesis 4) Drawing conclusions 5) reporting your results

One drawback to the survey method is A) the way in which a question is worded can affect the answer B) involves only a small sample size C) it is hard to find the right people to survey D) it is impossible to ask serious questions in a way in which people will answer truthfully

A) The way in which a question is worded can affect the answer

Which of the following examples best illustrates the placebo effect? A) You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated B) You hear strange noises in the house after watching a scary movie C) You vomit after eating bad meat D) You become sleepy just after you begin studying

A) You drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated

Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of A) Behavior B) humanism C) mental processes D) biopsychology

A) behavior

The best method to use to determine the cause of a behavior is the... A) experiment B) observation process C) survey D) hypothesis

A) experiment

Testing the hypothesis is all about the goal of (blank) a behavior A) explaining B) describing C) controlling D) predicting

A) explaining

It it is shown that students' grades go down the more hours they spend watching tv, then grades and hours spent watching tv have a (blank) correlation) A) negative B) positive C) mild D) parametric

A) negative

A(n) (blank) specifically names the steps that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment A) operational definition B) correlation C) hypothesis D) thesis

A) operational definition

When Rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Abraham Maslow called this type of achievement A) self-actualization B) delusion C) personal responsibility D) self-aggrandizement

A) self-actualization

Freud proposed that there is a(n) (blank) mind into which we repress all of our threatening urges and desires. A) unconscious B) dark C) conscious D) subconscious

A) unconscious

If researchers find a relationship between students' grades and the number of hours they spend watching tv A) it does not prove that there is a correlation B) it still does not prove causation C) it eliminates the possibility that a third variable could be involved D) It would be impossible to determine the direction of that relationship

B) It still does not prove causation

In psychology in the twenty-first century A) there is one perspective that is used to explain all human behavior and mental processes B) there are seven modern perspectives that are used to explain human behavior and mental processes. C) There are countless perspectives used to explain human behavior and mental processes D) We have learned all there is to know about human behavior and mental processes

B) There are seven modern perspectives that are used to explain human behavior and mental processes

The largest subfield of psychology is A) experimental B) clinical C) counseling D) developmental

B) clinical

(blank) is the study of the physical workings of the brain and the nervous system during thinking and other cognitive processes. A) Behavioral Psychology B) Cognitive neuroscience C) Evolutionary Psychology D) sociocultural psychology

B) cognitive neuroscience

Pavlov's work with learning in dogs focused on the concept of A) shaping B) conditioning C) functionalism D) framing

B) conditioning

William James was responsible for developing the theory of... A) introspection B) functionalism C) humanism D) Psychoanalysis

B) functionalism

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is the... A) confounding variable B) independent variable C) placebo D) dependent variable

B) independent variable

A(n) (blank) reviews a proposed study and judges it according to safety and consideration for its participants A) animal rights group B) institutional review board C) board of trustees D) human rights group

B) institutional review board

Wilhelm Wundt described the process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as... A) Dualism B) Objective introspection C) a near-death experience D) an out of body experience

B) objective introspection

Watson's work with ''Little Albert'' supported the idea that A) Phobias are symptoms of repressed conflict B) Phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning C) children are scared of loud noises D) Phobias, once established, cannot be cured

B) phobias can be learned through the process of conditioning

Biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause for A) phobias B) schizophrenia C) bullimia nervosa D) repression

B) schizophrenia

Which of the following is True about Gestalt psychology? A) It was influences by Darwin's ideas about natural selection B) It applied the introspection method to thoughts as well as physical sensations C) It stressed the important of early life experiences D) It focused on perception of whole patterns and figures and events

D) It focused on perception of whole patterns and figures and events

In a double-blind experiment, (blank) do not know which participants are in the control group(s) and which participants are in the experimental group(s) A) neither the researcher(s) nor the participants B) only the researcher(s) C) only the participants D) both the researcher(s) and the participants

D) both the researcher(s) and the participants

The case of Phineas Gage is an often-cited example of A) A laboratory observation B) experiment C) double-blind study D) case study

D) case study

Studying children's interactions by watching them play on the school playground is an example of A) case study B) single-blind study C) survey D) naturalistic observation

D) naturalistic observation

(blank) refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see A) blind observation B) expectation observation C) observer effect D) observer bias

D) observer bias

The first step in the scientific method is A) conducting a survey B) forming a hypothesis C) naturalistic observation D) perceiving the question

D) perceiving the question

A professional who hold a doctoral degree (but has not attended medical school) and may work in a wide number of vocational settings would be a(n) (blank) A) psychiatric social worker B) psychiatrist C) nurse practitioner D) psychologist

D) psychologist

Edward Titchener believed that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations which he called... A) functionalism B) sensationalism C) objectivity D) structuralism

D) structuralism

Assumption

can scientifically study mental processes as we operationally define them, they are... 1) publicly observable 2)measurable 3) testable 4) must have consensus among st researchers

Fall of behaviorism

could not explain mental processes such as language acquisition

Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

established the first psychology laboratory to due research. ''father of psychology'' -used tech. introspection self examination of inner ideas and experiences ex) apple method blindfolded

William James (1842) Functionalism

functionalism: how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings ex) pple avoid eye contact in elevators to protect one's personal space like in the past when pple protected their homes and food from intruders

case study

gather most evidence about that individual

experimental group

group that is exposed to independent variable because its group that receives the experimental manipulation

Psychiatrist

has medical degree specializes in diagnosis and treatment (prescribes medication) for disorders

Psychologist

has no medical training has doctorate degree (a counselor psychologist must be licensed to practice in their states)

cognitive perspective

how people think remember, and use information

Biopsychological perspective

human and animal behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body (hormones, heredity, tumors, diseases)

placebo effect

participant expects the drug to do something so they act accordingly but the medication really has no effects

single-blind study

participant is blind researcher is not

dependent variable

participants' response to the manipulation of independent variable

humanistic perspective

people strive for self actualization -achievement of one's full potential

observer bias

person observing has an opinion on what to expect

Roots of psychology

philosophy, and physiology

Gestalt psychology ''The whole is greater than the sum of its parts''

studying sensation, and perception studying whole patterns rather than small pieces of them (-cognitive psychology: focusing on perception, learning, memory, though processes, and problem solving) Max Wertheimer didn't agree to structuralistic POVs

psychiatric social worker

trained in the area of social work master's degree environmental conditions (poverty, stress, drug abuse)