Chapter 1 Quiz

_______, ________, ________, ________, and ________ are the five levels of organization in a living thing

chemical, cells, tissues, organs, and systems

32. The hypogastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity is: a. inferior to the umbilical region b. lateral to the left iliac region c. medial to the right iliac region d. both a and c

d. both a and c

31. The epigastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity is: a. inferior to the umbilical region b. lateral to the umbilical region c. medial to the umbilical region d. none of the above

d. none of the above

22. A ________ section cuts the body or any of its part into front and back portions

frontal

24. If the body is cut into equal left and right sides, the cut is called a ________ section or plane

midsagittal

18. ________ is the scientific study of disease

pathology

17. ________ means the study of the function of living organisms and their parts

physiology

23. A ________ sections cuts the body or any of its part into left and right portions

sagittal

20. ________ and ________ are terms used to describe the body position when it is not in its anatomical position.

supine and prone

19. A hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and has gained a high level of confidence is called a ________ or ________.

theory or law

21. A ________ section cuts the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions.

transverse

13. Identify a structure that is inferior to the heart, superior to the heart, anterior to the heart, posterior to the heart, and lateral to the heart.

(a) Inferior to the heart—any structure below the heart, e.g., stomach; (b) superior to the heart—any structure above the heart, e.g., mandible; (c) anterior to the heart—any structure in front of the heart, e.g., sternum; (d) posterior to the heart—any structure behind the heart, e.g., thoracic vertebrae; and (e) lateral to the heart—any structure on either side of the heart, e.g., arms. Refer to Figure 1-3 on pg. 9 in the text.

1. Define anatomy, physiology, and pathology.

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts. Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. Pathology is the scientific study of disease.

2. Disease results from what conditions in the body?

Disease results from abnormalities of the body structure or function that prevent the body from maintaining the internal stability that keeps us alive and healthy.

3. Describe the process used to form scientific theories.

First, one makes a tentative explanation called a hypothesis. After a hypothesis has been proposed, it must be tested (experimentation). If the results of experimentation support the hypothesis, it is tentatively accepted as true. If not, the researcher rejects the hypothesis. Initial experimentation results are published in scientific journals so that they can be verified by other researchers. If the hypothesis withstands this rigorous retesting and has gained a high level of confidence, it is called a theory or law.

10. Explain the differences among the terms lower extremity, thigh, and leg.

Lower extremity refers to the hip and all structures below the hip: the hip, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. The thigh refers to the area between the hip joint and the knee. The leg refers to the area between the knee and the ankle.

28. An ________ plane is an imaginary flat plane that runs diagonally to an axis of the body or one of its parts, producing a slanted section or cut.

Oblique

7. List two organs of the mediastinum, two organs of the abdominopelvic cavity, and two organs of the pelvic cavity.

Organs in the mediastinum include the trachea, heart, and blood vessels. Organs in the abdominal cavity include the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and parts of the large intestine. Organs of the pelvic cavity include the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.

11. List the four conditions in the cell that must be kept in homeostatic balance.

Temperature, salt content, acid level (pH), fluid volume and pressure, and oxygen concentration must be kept in homeostatic balance. Other vital conditions must remain within acceptable limits.

5. Describe the anatomical position.

The anatomical position is the reference position in which the body is in an erect or standing posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward. The head points forward, as do the feet, which are slightly apart.

4. List and explain the levels of organization in the human body.

The chemical level of organization consists of atoms and molecules that make up the organism. The existence of life depends on the proper levels and proportions of many chemical substances in cells of the body and other living things. Cells are the smallest living units of structure. The tissue level is composed of an organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function. The organ level is a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can act together as a unit to perform a special function. The system level is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions for the body.

9. Name the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity. What structures does each contain?

The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord.

14. The maintenance of body temperature and the birth of a baby are two functions that are regulated by feedback loops. Explain the different feedback loops that regulate each process.

The maintenance of body temperature is a negative feedback loop. A negative feedback loop opposes or negates a change in the controlled condition. In maintaining body temperature, the nerve endings act as temperature sensors that feed information to a control center in the brain that compares actual body temperature to normal body temperature. In response to a chill, the brain sends nerve signals to the muscles, which then begin to shiver. Shivering produces heat that increases body temperature; shivering stops when feedback tells the brain that the body temperature is normal.The birth of a baby is a positive feedback loop. A positive feedback loop temporarily amplifies or reinforces the change that is occurring. The events that cause rapid increases in uterine contractions before the birth of a baby is an example of a positive feedback loop.A negative feedback loop tends to restore homeostasis; a positive feedback loop does not.

8. From the upper left to the lower right, list the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.

The nine abdominopelvic regions are left hypochondriac, epigastric, right hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, left iliac (inguinal), hypogastric, and right iliac (inguinal).

15. If a person complained of pain in the epigastric region, what organs could be involved?

The organs that occupy most of the epigastric region are the stomach and liver.

6. Name and explain the three planes or sections of the body.

The sagittal plane is a lengthwise plane running from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. The midsagittal plane divides the body into two equal halves. The frontal plane is a lengthwise plane running from side to side. It divides the body or any of its parts into front and back portions. The transverse plane is a horizontal or crosswise plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions.

12. List the three parts of a negative feedback loop and give the function of each.

The sensor detects the change in the regulated condition and feeds information to the control center, which responds by initiating certain changes that are then sent to the effector, which influences the controlled condition. For example: When you ride a bike, your eyes are the sensors, your brain is the control center, and your muscles are the effectors.

16. ________ is term divided from two greek words meaning "cutting apart"

anatomy

25. The body portion that consists of the upper and lower extremities is called the ________ portion.

appendicular

26. The body portion that consists of the head, neck, and torso is called the ________ portion.

axial

33. Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop? a. maintaining a constant body temperature b. contractions of the uterus at childbirth c. maintaining a constant volume of water in the body d. both a and c

b. contraction of the uterus at childbirth

30. The structure that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is the: a. mediastinum b. diaphragm c. lungs d. stomach

b. diaphragm

27. ________ is the term used to describe the fact that the left and right side of the body appear alike or mirror.

bilateral symmetry

29. The two major cavities of the body are the: a. thoracic and abdominal b. abdominal and pelvic c. dorsal and ventral d. anterior and posterior

c. dorsal and ventral