Chapter 1
People
-Stakeholders systems analysts, programmers, and network administrators who develop and support the system. -Users or end users
information system
A ____________ is a set of related components that produces specific results
Project
A _____________ is the complete procedure of software development from requirement gathering to testing and maintenance, carried out according to the execution methodologies, in a specified period of time to achieve intended software product.
screen layout
A _______________ determines the overall structure of your screen and defines the structure of a harness in a composite portal. ______________s are available only to user interfaces rendered in HTML5 document type (standards mode). _________________ replace the deprecated panel set.
System Vision Document
A brief statement to describe the overall objective of the new system: Problem description System capabilities Business benefits Figure
Agile Development
A software development methodology that delivers functionality in rapid iterations, measured in weeks, requiring frequent communication, development, testing, and delivery.
class diagram
A visual representation of the relationships between classes.
a. continuous feedback b. flexibility
Agile method emphasizes _________a_________ and ____b_____ to anticipate new requirements during development
listen
An analyst's most valuable skill is the ability to ______________
method/methodology
An information systems development ______________ - is a set of comprehensive guidelines for carrying out all of the activities of each core process of the SDLC. - An overall system development process is a more recent term for methodology.
communicators analytical critical thinking
Analysts must be excellent ____________ with strong ______________ and ______________ skills.
Horizontal system E.g., Inventory and payroll application Vertical system E.g., an online retailer, a medical practice, or an auto dealership Legacy systems Consider how a new system will interact with older systems
Application software consist of which systems ______.
High level structural design
Browser, Windows, or Smart phone Architectural configuration (components) Design class diagram Subsystem architectural design
Object Oriented Analysis
Combines data and the processes that act on the data into things called objects Objects are members of a class, which is a collection of similar objects Built in processes, called methods, can change an object's properties ____ methodology provides easy transition to _____ programming languages like Java Figure:
Core Process 2: Plan the Project
Core Process __ _________________ Determine the major components (functional areas) that are needed Supplier information subsystem Product information subsystem Define the iterations and assign each function to an iteration Decide to do Supplier subsystem first Plan one iteration as it is small and straight forward Determine team members and responsibilities
4 Design System Components
Core Process __: _______________________ Design the database (schema) Design the system's high level structure Browser, Windows, or Smart phone Architectural configuration (components) Design class diagram Subsystem architectural design
6
Core Process ___ : Complete System Testing and Deploy the System Perform system functional testing Perform user acceptance testing Possibly deploy part of system
3 Discover and Understand Details
Core Process ___: ________________ Do preliminary fact finding to understand requirements Develop a preliminary list of use cases and a use case diagram Develop a preliminary list of classes and a class diagram Do in depth fact finding to understand requirements Understand and document the detailed workflow of each use case
1 Initial Activities - pre project
Core Process ____ ___________________ Identify the problem and document the objective of the system (core process _) Preliminary investigation System Vision Document Obtain approval to commence the project (core process __) Meet with key stakeholders, including executive management Decision reached, approve plan and budget
4
Core Process ____: Design System Components Define the user experience with screens and report sketches
5 Build, Test, and Integrate System Components
Core Process__: ___________________________ Continue programming (build) Build use case by use case Perform unit and integration tests
Incremental
Develop small portions at a time Gradually build up functionality Allows value to be delivered early
Iterative
Develop through repeated cycles Start simple, expecting to change Used to find the right solution (fail early) Used to improve the candidate solution
Use cases are:
Formal ways of representing how a business system interacts with its environment
1. Identify the problem or need and obtain approval 2. Plan and monitor the project - What to do, how to do, who does it, when to do, and where to do 3. Discover and understand the details - What is required? 4. Design the system components that solve the problem - How will it actually work? 5. Build, test, and integrate system components - Lot of programming and component integration 6. Complete system tests and then deploy the solution - The need now is satisfied
Identify the Six core processes required in every SDLC:
formal requirements documents
In a distributed team situation or with a complicated project, it is much more important to create __________________ that capture each components' specifications.
Software development life cycle (SDLC)
In software engineering, _____________ is the framework that identifies all the activities required to research, build, deploy, and often maintain an information system.
hardware, software, data, processes, and people
Information systems have five key components:
Hardware
Is the physical layer of the information system
Technical Knowledge Communication Skills Business Skills Critical Thinking Skills Education Certification
Knowledge, Skills and Education of a Systems Analysis are ____________
hardware, software, data, processes, and people
List the Information System components
Agile Methods
Newest development technique as systems are developed incrementally and iteratively Frequent iterations are essential for successful system development A series of prototypes are built and adjusted to meet user requirements As the process continues, developers revise, extend, and merge earlier versions into the final product
concurrently
Programming is also done _______________ You don't design everything then code You do some design, some coding, some design, some coding
- Understand the need (business need) - Capture the vision - Define a solution - Communicate the vision and solution - Build logical model of the new system and solution - Confirm that the solution meets the need - Launch the solution system - Documents
System analysis and design provides the tools and techniques you need as an information system developer to complete the development process which include: ______
False many
T or F There is one way to implement the six core processes of SCDL to handle each project's complexity
Data
Tables store __________ Linked tables work together to supply _______
analysis, design, and development
The terms Information system, software system, system, project, and software represent the systems that we would ________, ____________ and ________
potential
The terms Information system, software system, system, project, and software would be used interchangeably unless there is any ________________ for misunderstanding.
business operations
To design successful systems, systems analysts must understand a company's _________________
products, services, and support
Today's IT companies offer a mix of ____________, _______________ and ___________
product oriented service oriented
Traditionally, IT companies were __________________ or _____________
Agile/Adaptive/Integrative Methods
Type of Systems Development Methods __________________ Latest trend in software development Team based effort broken down into cycles
Object Oriented Analysis
Type of Systems Development Methods __________________ More recent method for developing systems Objects represent actual people, things, or events
Structured Analysis (Waterfall)
Type of Systems Development Methods __________________ Traditional method for developing systems Organized into phases
- Plan, develop, and maintain information systems - Manage IT projects, including tasks, resources, schedules, and costs - Conduct meetings, deliver presentations, and writes memos, reports, and documentation
What Does a Systems Analyst do?
Rapidly increasing globalization Technology integration for seamless information access Rapid growth of cloud based computing and services All trends are Internet centric and driven by the immense power of the Web
What are the three major trends Business today is being shaped by:
Software Development Life Cycle
What does SDLC stand for?
Design Class Diagram
Which diagram is directly used to write programming code for object-oriented systems?
Moore's Law
_________ refers to __________ perception that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years, though the cost of computers is halved. _____________ states that we can expect the speed and capability of our computers to increase every couple of years, and we will pay less for them
Systems design
__________ are the activities that enable a person to define and describe in detail the system that solves the problem and need -Determine how the new system should be built
Information Technology (IT)
___________ is a combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information
Software
____________ consist of: - System software helps communicate with your hardware - Application software
Processes
____________ describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results
Systems Analysis and Design
______________ provides a step by step process for developing high quality information systems.
Systems analysis
_______________ are the activities that find what are required for the new system to solve the problem and enable a person to understand and specify what an information system should accomplish -Discovery and understanding
Domain classes
________________ are used to categorize requirements using the class style method to organizing requirements.
Structured Analysis/Waterfall
________________ is the oldest and most straightforward of the structured SDLC methodologies "finish one phase, then move on to the Each phase must be completed before the next phase can start No going back Each phase has an end deliverable requiring approval to next phase
System analysis
________________ is what is required for the new system to solve the problem
System design
_________________ is how the system will operate to solve the problem
Iterative development
__________________ an approach to system development in which the system is "grown" piece by piece through multiple iterations Complete small part of system (mini project), then repeat processes to refine and add more, then repeat to refine and add more, until done
Database Schema
a "map" of data tables and their relationships to one another
Computer application
a computer program designed to support a specific task or business process
System Vision Document
a document to help define the scope of a new system
Information system
a group of components that interact to produce information
Waterfall
although _________________ method is simple and straightforward But customer patience and forethought is required ___________ issues include The customer does not see a prototype until the application is done What happens when a small misunderstanding in requirements results in a major difference in the built application?
Iterative development
an approach to system development in which the system is "grown" piece by piece through multiple iterations
Work Breakdown Structure
defines the hierarchy of project tasks, subtasks, and work packages
Information system development process
the actual approach used to develop a particular information system