Chapter 1 Test
The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by:
Auguste Comte
The pioneering sociologist who studied patters of suicide in Europe was:
Emile Durkheim
In which of the countries noted below did sociology as a form of discipline appear first?
France
The pioneering sociologist who founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Price was:
Jane Addams
Which early sociologist claimed that the important task was not to simply understand society but to change it?
Karl Marx
What might a sociologist say about the reasons people select a marriage partner?
Typically, a person marries someone of similar social background.
The earliest sociologist who received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color was:
W.E.B. DuBois
An exaggerated description that one applies to every person in some category is referred to as:
a stereotype
According to Comte, during the Middle Ages most people in Europe thought of society as:
an expression of God's will
Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on:
how society actually operates
C. Wright Mills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread:
in times of crisis
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called:
latent functions
According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has:
lower social integration
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as:
manifest functions
Thomas Hobbe's idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte's stages of societal development?
metaphysical stage
In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by:
one or more theoretical paradigms
The social-conflict paradigm draws attention to:
patters of social inequality
C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed:
personal problems into public issues
____ is a way of understanding the world based on science.
positivism
According to Comte, people begin to see society as a natural---rather than a supernatural-phenomenon as their society enters which stage of development?
post-scientific stage
By saying that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists:
reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives
Suicide rates are generally higher among
single people compared to married people
Which term is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior?
social structure
The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and charge" is the:
social-conflict paradigm
Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?
sociology
In the United States, African Americans figure prominently in all but which of the following sports?
swimming
Which theoretical paradigm highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behaviors?
symbolic-interaction paradigm
A social-conflict analysis of sports might emphasize?
the different meanings people attach to games
Which of the following historical changes is not among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline?
the founding of the Roman Catholic church
The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction is that society is:
the product of people interacting in everyday situations
Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of societal development?
theological stage
What is the term for a basic image of society that guides thinking and research?
theoretical pardigm
A statement of how and why specific facts are related is called a:
theory
If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a ___________ of family life.
theory
The major goal of sociology's pioneers, such as Comte and Durkheim, was:
to discover how society actually operates
The Global Map on economic development shows the economically poorest region of the world is:
Africa
Which question summarizes the focus of the symbolic-interaction paradigm?
How do people experience society?
Which person had an important influence on the development of social-conflict paradigm?
Karl Marx
Which of the following is not a reason that is important to understand the world beyond our own borders?
The U.S. economy has less to do with what goes on in other countries.
The U.S. sociologist who studied the African-American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was:
W.E.B. DuBois
When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States?
about 1900
A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of:
all of the above are correct
The social-conflict paradigm might well lead a sociologists to highlight:
all of the above are correct
Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations:
all of the above are correct
Sociology helps us to
all of the above correct
Sociologists use the term "social marginality" to refer to:
being defined as an "outsider."
W.E.B. DuBois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because:
black people are citizens who cannot escape an additional identity based on skin color
To evaluate a theory, sociologists:
gather data or facts
Which of the following is a manifest function of sports?
providing recreation and physical conditioning
According to Comte's approach, the kind of thinking favored by people such as the inventor of the light bulb, Thomas Edison, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development?
scientific stage
Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which is the term for negative consequences?
social dysfunctions
The chief characteristic of the __________ paradigm is its view of society as orderly and stable.
structural-functional
The ________ paradigms are macro-level approaches that pain societies in broad strokes.
structural-functional and structural-conflict
The theoretical paradigm in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the:
structural-functional paradigm
Which theoretical paradigm is closest to the work of early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?
structural-functional paradigm
Sociologists claim that one way to learn more about ourselves is to:
study people who differ from us
The statement that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and clothing describes:
the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology
Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus?
two people on an airplane getting to know one another
In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which category of people noted below?
white males