Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Sara is giving birth to her first child. She is concerned that her labor is taking longer than she thought it would. Why does giving birth usually take time for the contractions to proceed to the point when the child is born?
A pregnant women has estrogen in the placenta. This then induces the oxytocin receptors on the uterus to release prostaglandins that forms gaps in the uterine smooth muscle. The uterus is by then contracting and stimulating the placenta to release. The prostaglandins stimulate more contractions and after this cycle continues, one contraction is going to be ready for birth.
Match with the correct cavity, Stomach
Abdominopelvic cavity
Match with the correct cavity, Uterus
Abdominopelvic cavity
Match the following regional terms and common terms. Arm
Brachial
Match the organ system with organs it is comprised of. Arteries, veins, heart.
Cardiovascular system
Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things.
Cells are the simplest structure to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive.
Match the following regional terms and common terms. Head
Cephalic
Match with the correct cavity, Brain
Cranial cavity
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched.
Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.
Match the organ system with organs it is comprised of. Esophagus, large intestine, rectum.
Digestive system
Match the organ system with organs it is comprised of. Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary.
Endocrine system
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.
False, distal
Match the following regional terms and common terms. Buttock
Gluteal
A functional organ system which provides a means of protecting us from foreign invaders.
Immune System
You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer
In the armpit
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?
It is considered the cause of most diseases
Picks up and cleans excess fluid from tissues.
Lymphatic System
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n)
Organ
Match the following regional terms and common terms. Knee (anterior aspect)
Patellar
Match the organ system with organs it is comprised of. Trachea, bronchi, alveoli.
Respiratory system
The study of anatomy and physiology assumes and describes a healthy body. Select the description below that does NOT explain why this approach is useful.
Study of a healthy body is less intimidating and more familiar to new students.
One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective.
The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel.
Select the most correct statement • Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. • Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. • The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. • The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system
The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective.
The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.
Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall every time she takes a deep breath. She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti-inflammatory drug through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti-inflammatory drug would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy.
The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura around the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain that is more directly transmitted by the parietal than the visceral pleura.
The nurse charted: "Patient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg." Describe where the wound is located.
The wound is located on the outer side of the leg
Match the following regional terms and common terms. Chest
Thoracic cavity
Match with the correct cavity, Heart
Thoracic cavity
Match with the correct cavity, Lungs
Thoracic cavity
Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process?
To maintain homeostasis
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function
True
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) imaging is most useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues.
True
Lungs carry out an excretory function.
True
Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them.
True
The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.
True
Match the organ system with organs it is comprised of. Kidneys, bladder, ureters.
Urinary system
The stomach is ___________ to the spine.
anterior
You are asked to draw blood from the median cubital vein. You will search for this vein in the ________.
anterior side of elbow
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
cardiovascular physiology
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
cardiovascular system
The fingers are _________ to the wrist
distal
The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ________ cavity.
dorsal cavity
Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones.
endocrine system
Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________.
excretion of metabolic waste
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions, which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished?
growth
The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity.
heart and lungs; anterior
The coxal joint is most likely found in the ________ region of the body.
hip
Prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D.
integumentary system
Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?
intestines
Anatomical position is important because ________.
it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships
In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.
lining the thoracic cavity
Prevention of water loss is a necessary function for life that would best fit in the category of
maintaining boundaries
The bridge of the nose is __________ to the left eye.
medial
The lungs are ___________ to the heart.
medial
Provides the force to move bones about their joints
muscular system
Used for changes in blood glucose levels
negative feedback
Used for changes in blood pressure
negative feedback
Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses.
nervous system
Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli?
nervous system
Which of the following are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________.
physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy
In which body cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic cavity
Used for blood clotting
positive feedback
Used for childbirth
positive feedback
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________.
positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level
The upper arm is ________ to the forearm
proximal
Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism.
receptor
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
sagittal
Provides a ridged framework to support the body and stores minerals.
skeletal system
Which of these is NOT part of the dorsal cavity?
thoracic cavity
The term pollex refers to the ________.
thumb