Chapter 1- The Science of Psychology (Mindtap)

the survey method

which one of the following research methods gathers information from target groups of people through structured interviews or questionnaires

clinical psychologists

Psychologists who evaluate and treat people with mental or psychological disorders are called:

directly manipulating the independent variable and ensuring that all other conditions are held constant

In the experimental method, experimenters can confirm that an independent variable alone is the cause of the observed effects on a dependent variable by:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Jackson sees a counselor who helps him change his interpretation of events and set specific, objective goals for the amount of time he will spend studying and working on assignments. This is most consistent with which approach?

introspection

The attempt to study consciousness based on people's reports of their internal mental states is called ______.

Socio-cultural

Which contemporary psychological perspective would assert that factors like age, race, income, and disability status have an important impact on individual behavior?

Functionalism

Which early school of psychology was focused on how behavior helps people adapt to the demands the environment places on them?

Watson

Which individual is associated with the idea that the environment molds behavior and that psychology should be limited to the study of overt behavior?

B. F. Skinner

Which individual showed how complex behaviors could be taught and maintained using reinforcers like rewards?

experimements

Which method allows researchers to make statements about causal relationships?

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following perspectives focuses on how we see and organize patterns in our environment?

psychodynamic perspective

Which one of the following perspectives in psychology holds the view that behavior is influenced by the struggle between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and opposing forces that try to inhibit these impulses?

a counseling psychologist

Which one of the following psychologists is best suited to help individuals who are unable to make friends at their new workplace?

it focuses on conscious experiences even if they cannot be directly observed

Which one of the following statements is a characteristic of humanistic psychology?

physiological

Which psychological perspective studies the relationship between behavior and the processes inside our bodies?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who is considered the pioneer of psychology as a scientific study and established the first formal lab for psychological research in 1879?

He felt that it is impossible to scientifically study what someone is thinking, feeling, or what motivates them.

Why did John Watson reject the study of mental processes?

conducted experiments and evaluated evidence.

Wundt is credited with establishing psychology as a science because he

school psychologist

a psychologist who helps develop individual education plans for students with cognitive disabilities is most likely a(n)

environmental psychologist

a psychologist who studies the impact of extreme heat and humidity on people is most likely a(n)

causation

one thing a correlation study can never demonstrate

correlation coefficient

the measure of how closely related two variables are to each other is a

hypothesis

"Students who successfully complete a study skills workshop will raise their grade point average by 0.2 points" is best described as a

hypothesis

A precise prediction about the outcome of an experiment is called a(n) _____.

clinical neuropsychologist

A psychologist who works at a hospital or clinic and examines patients with cognitive deficits is most likely to be a(n).

informed consent

A group of researchers wants to determine how music affects people with dementia. So, the researchers propose to team up with a hospital and monitor the brain activity of patients diagnosed with dementia. To avoid bias, they plan to conduct the research when the patients are asleep, and the patients will not be aware that they are being monitored. Which of the following ethical requirements would be violated if this study is conducted?

sociocultural

A study of how language influences the way we think would most likely apply to the work of a psychologist from which perspective?

the appropriateness of the informed consent process.

An institutional review board is most likely to review

Naturalistic observation

Dr. Mariano is studying how young adults with Down syndrome provide support to each other. Dr. Mariano attends a day program for adults with Down syndrome where, with the consent of the young people, he unobtrusively listens in on their conversations. What method is Dr. Mariano using?

There is a strong association between self-reported stress and candy consumption.

Dr. Sturm conducted a study of the relationship between stress as measured by self-report and the amount of candy eaten while completing the self-report. The correlation between the score on the stress assessment and the calories of candy consumed was 0.84. What can Dr. Sturm legitimately conclude?

1. People may not be honest in their responses 2. Volunteer bias

Dr. Winslow wants to learn more about how first-year undergraduate students experience their first week of classes and sends an email asking a series of questions. Identify two potential problems with Dr. Winslow's approach.

evolutionary

Followers of which psychological perspective believe that behavioral tendencies may have genetic components that are passed on from generation to generation?

the adaptive functions of behavior

Functionalism is an early school of thought in psychology that focuses on:

seen an increased representation of women in recent years

The profession of psychology in the United States has _____.