chapter 1 what is psych ?
When following the scientific method, psychologists usually begin a study by:
formulating a research question.
While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, _________ psychologists study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.
organizational
While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work,__________psychologists study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.
organizational
A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn.
population
Since 15% of a university comprises Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15% Asian-Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a__________.
stratified-sample
Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a _____.
psychoanalyst
__________suggest that much human social behavior, such as aggressive behavior and mate selection, has a hereditary basis.
Evolutionary-psychologists
A random sample is selected so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.
FALSE
Which of the following is true of the humanistic-existential perspective?
It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior.
Distinguish between structuralism and functionalism.
Structuralism broke down the conscious experience into objective sensations and subjective feelings. This is the belief that these combined create the mind functions where as functionalism focused on behavior as well as the mind and consciousness. It analyzed how experience creates a more adaptively environment to function in.
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
TRUE
Case studies are subject to inaccuracies.
TRUE
Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.
TRUE
__________is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable conduct.
Behaviorism
Which of the following is true of behaviorism?
Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.
_________ psychologists investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.
Cognitive
__________psychologists investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.
Cognitive
__________is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.
Critical-thinking
_________ psychologists may treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes.
Forensic
Which of the following is an important factor emphasized by the sociocultural perspective in understanding behavior and mental processes?
Gender
. _________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.
Humanism
__________stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.
Humanism
__________is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
__________has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has therefore been characterized as research for its own sake.
Pure-research
Which of the following terms was proposed by B. F. Skinner?
Reinforcement
Define school psychologists and educational psychologists. How are they different?
School psychologists work in school systems to identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning. Educational psychologists facilitate learning but focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system. They are different because school psychologists focus on individuals rather than the school system as a whole and take in psychological factors that could improve the learning.
A(n) _____ psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work.
industrial
Which of the following propose reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions?
Theories
Which of the following is a goal of psychology?
To explain behavior and mental processes
__________is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
Wilhelm-Wundt
_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.
William James
Psychologists with a__________perspective focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes.
biological
The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.
biological
Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.
cognitive
Psychologists with a(n)__________perspective venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.
cognitive
A person appears to have certain adjustment issues with new people in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but seems to be have trouble making new friends. The psychologist most likely to be called upon to help the person would be a__________psychologist.
counseling
Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between work stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter work stress. Erica's job is that of a__________psychologist.
health
Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the__________perspective.
humanistic-existential
Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on work stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________.
informed-consent
The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates' advice to "Know thyself" and in his suggested method of_____.
introspection
Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called _____.
structuralism
_________ attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams.
Structuralism
_____ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.
Wilhelm Wundt
Ralph conducted a study to determine the effects of certain visual stimuli on individuals. For his study, he used two groups of students. The first group watched a violent war film, while the other group did not. Later, both groups were asked to write an essay on war. It was found that the essays written by the first group were more strongly opinionated against war. In this scenario, the first group would be considered a(n) _____.
experimental group
Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n) _____ psychologist.
forensic
Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast, _________ tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"
functionalists
