Chapter 1 What is Psychology

functionalists

According to _____________, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

The participants are debriefed afterward.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

B. F. Skinner proposed ________.

Biological

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with which perspective?

examine definitions of terms

Breonna insists racism is only present if a person violently attacks someone of another race while spewing racial slurs, but Jacqueline believes that racism happens when someone supports policies that benefit one group over another. On which point and aspect of critical thinking do Breonna and Jacqueline disagree?

Wolfgang Kohler

Charlie the Chimp saw that the bananas he wanted were out of his reach. He thought for a while and quickly realized he could stack boxes to reach them. Which researcher most likely set up this test of insight?

double-blind

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know.' This is an example of a ________ study.

Mary Salter Ainsworth

Efraim is interested in how parents and children make attachments to each other. Whose work was most influential on this topic?

humanistic existential perspective

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He follows the principle that people are responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik's beliefs best exemplify which perspective?

humanistic-existential

Evelyn's therapist keeps reminding her that she must take responsibility for her thoughts and actions, and reinvent herself. Which approach is her therapist most likely using?

The laughter of his classmates reinforced the behavior.

Every morning, when Leroy entered the classroom, he would purposely pretend to trip and fall to make a big scene. His classmates laughed and Leroy got in trouble. Why did Leroy continue this behavior?

expirimental group

Gilberto signed up to participate in a trial for a new vaccine. If he gets the actual vaccine candidate, in which group must he belong?

forensic psychology

Juan loves watching crime dramas, and dreams of working to help determine whether defendants are competent for trial. What would be the best college major for Juan?

the survey method

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

clinical

Many case studies are _________; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

socialcultural

Minh wants to study the influence of gender on behavior and mental processes. Which school of thought should they pursue?

Karen Horney and Erik Erikson

Name two famous neoanalysts.

Negative

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload at the office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. What kind of correlation is there between Ned's stress and the amount of sleep he gets?

Structionalists

People using which perspective were the first to believe that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience?

cognitive

Psychologists with which perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature?

cognitive psychology

Researchers in which field primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language?

be skeptical

Shayma has just listened to a political speech, but she still wants to evaluate the evidence for the claims made in the speech for herself. Which aspect of critical thinking is Shayma displaying?

stratified sample

Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such a way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a ________.

reinforcement

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ________.

informed consent

Sujay is conducting research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking ________.

do not overgeneralize

Tunde has concluded that the only reason Jerry chooses bullying behaviors is due to his lack of dopamine. Which aspect of critical thinking has Tunde mistaken?

stratified

Veronica wants the people in her study to reflect the proportionate demographics of her country. Which type of sample should she seek?

gender

What are culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity described as?

Be skeptical, insist on evidence, examine definitions of terms, examine the assumptions or premises of arguments, do not oversimplify, do not overgeneralize

What are six principles of critical thinking?

It seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

What does Psychology seek to do?

They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.

What is a true statement of clinical psychologists?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

What is a true statement of the scientific method?

critical thinking

What is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence?

formulating a research question

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Psychoanalysis

What is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud?

He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

What is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?

correlation coefficient

What term expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables?

placebos

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called ________.

There must be no alternative, and the benefits justify the harm.

Which condition(s) must be met before an ethics committee will approve an experiment that harms animals?

naturalistic observation

Which method allows psychologists and other scientists to observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field?"

humanism

Which perspective stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?

forensic psychologists

Which psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

structionalism

Which school of psychology argues that the mind consists of three basic elements—sensations, feelings, and images—that combine to form experience?

structionalism and functionalism

Which two early approaches are no longer followed by psychologists today?

Gesalt psychologists

Which type of psychologist claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units?

organizational psychologists

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses is studied by which field of psychology?

Behaviorists

Who defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes?

William James

Who was a founder of the school of functionalism?

introspection

Wilhelm Wundt used which method to try to discover the basic elements of experience?

functionalism

Winnie is doing research to determine whether depression may have value as an adaptation. To which school of thought does Winnie subscribe?