Chapter 10

Aquatic

Adaptations of Amphibians. Adaptations: Amphibians have eggs that lack shells, gills, a larval form (called a tadpole) that contains gills, a lateral line, and a tail.

Terrestrial

Adaptations of Amphibians. Adaptations: Amphibians have moist skin, lungs, limbs supported by bones, and a musculoskeletal system.

What type of symmetry do all mollusks have?

All mollusks have bilateral symmetry.

Amphibians are sometimes described as being a transitional species. Briefly explain what that means with respect to amphibians.

Amphibians have both aquatic and terrestrial adaptations, which enables them to have part of their life cycle on land and part in water.

_________ are the first tetrapods to have emerged onto land.

Amphibians.

Reptiles are amniotes, which is a characteristic they share with ________. A) amphibians B) mammals C) flatworms D) mollusks

B) Mammals.

Sea stars use _____________ to move across the ocean floor. A) water vascular system B) tube feet C) endoskeleton D) radula

B) Tube feet.

Even though there is tremendous diversity among the arthropods, they share three basic characteristics. List the three characteristics that all arthropods share.

Body segmentation; an exoskeleton; jointed appendages

Briefly explain what a bony fish has in common with humans that cartilaginous fishes do not have.

Bony fishes have a hardened calcium skeleton like humans.

Which of the following belongs to the anthropoids? A) Tarsiers B) Lemurs C) Gibbons D) Pottos

C) Gibbons.

___________ were the first group of vertebrates to have a jaw.

Cartilaginous fishes.

Humans belong to the _________ phylum.

Chordate.

Which of the following is a characteristic of sponges? A) Asymmetrical B) Lack tissues C) Sessile D) All of the above

D) All of the above.

All animals are ______________________ and those cells are almost all ______________________. A) unicellular; diploid B) multicellular; haploid C) unicellular; haploid D) multicellular; diploid

D) Multicellular; diploid.

A common misconception is that dolphins are bony or cartilaginous fish. Briefly explain why that is incorrect.

Dolphins are cetaceans, which are aquatic mammals, not fish.

Echinoderms have a(n) __________ made of hardened __________.

Endoskeleton; calcium.

True or false: It is believed that animals evolved from Archaea.

FALSE, animals evolved from an ancestral colony of protists.

True or false: Most animals are vertebrates.

FALSE, most animals are invertebrates.

True or false: Arthropods are the least numerous of the animals

False, arthropods are the most numerous of all animals.

True or false: Lampreys and bony fishes have backbones but lack jaws.

False, lampreys and hagfishes lack jaws. Lampreys have a backbone, but hagfishes lack a recognizable backbone in adult organisms.

True or false: Mammals are ectotherms.

False, mammals are endotherms.

List the three phyla of worms.

Flatworms, Annelids, and Roundworms.

_____________ are the only mollusks to be land dwellers.

Gastropods.

The distinguishing characteristics of mammals include ___________ and _____________.

Hair; mammary glands.

All animals eat other organisms, which makes them _________________.

Heterotrophs/consumers.

The ______ represent the human segment of the evolutionary tree.

Hominins.

Are humans more closely related to old-world monkeys or lemurs? Briefly explain your answer.

Humans are more closely related to old-world monkeys because humans and monkeys are both anthropoids, while lemurs are nonanthropoids.

To what division of chordates do humans belong?

Humans belong to the vertebrates.

Animals that do not have a backbone are called _____________.

Invertebrates.

To what group do lemurs, new-world monkeys, and humans all belong?

Lemurs, the monkeys, and humans are all primates.

Mammals tend to care for their children for a much longer period of time when compared to other animals. What is an adaptation that allows them to do that?

Mammals have mammary glands that allow them to provide milk for their offspring for a long period of time.

List three common myths regarding human evolution.

Myth --> Humans evolved from chimps. Myth 2 --> Human evolution proceeded from one species to the next, with each species being more modern than the previous. Myth 3 --> Human features evolved all at once.

According to the human evolutionary timeline, there is a large gap between Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis. Does this mean that there were no hominids during this period? Briefly explain your answer.

No, it does not indicate that there were no hominids; it only indicates that scientists have yet to uncover a fossil that bridges that gap.

Are any other species of hominins currently alive?

No, only Homo sapiens are still alive.

You are told that a cell has a nucleus and mitochondria. With this information, can you definitively say that it is an animal cell? Briefly explain your answer.

No, you cannot definitively say it is an animal cell because it could also be a plant cell, a protist, or a fungal cell.

Regeneration in some echinoderms is a unique characteristic. Briefly explain what regeneration is and list the one criterion required for regeneration.

Regeneration is the ability to grow back lost body parts. Regeneration requires that a portion of the central body remains.

What do roundworms and annelids have in common? Hint: Flatworms do not have it.

Roundworms and annelids both have a complete digestive tract.

A key characteristic of annelids is their ______________, which allows for flexibility and greater movement.

Segmentation.

A common misconception is that spiders are insects. First, what are spiders? Second, how are spiders related to insects?

Spiders are arachnids and they are related to insects in that they are both types of arthropods.

Cnidarians come in two body forms: _________ and _________.

Stationary polyp; floating medusa.

A(n) ___________ maintains the fish's buoyancy, which allows the fish to remain motionless.

Swim bladder.

True or false: A cnidarian is the only animal that has radial symmetry.

TRUE.

True or false: All terrestrial vertebrates are tetrapods.

TRUE.

True or false: Echinoderms are more closely related to humans than mollusks even though echinoderms and most mollusks live in the ocean.

TRUE.

True or false: Humans belong to a group of mammals known as primates.

TRUE.

True or false: Most mollusks live in the ocean.

TRUE.

True or false: Worms are animals.

TRUE.

______________ are notorious flatworms that can infect humans and grow to great lengths.

Tapeworms.

You are a researcher studying aquatic parasites at Acadia National Park. During your studies, you come across a new animal species. After a thorough examination, you determine that the organism has bilateral symmetry, it has tissues, and it lacks a body cavity. What kind of animal is it?

The animal is likely a flatworm, since they lack a true body cavity.

You are on vacation in the Australian outback when you discover an animal with hair. You notice it is close to a nest with some eggs in it. What kind of animal is it? Briefly explain your answer.

The animal must be a monotreme because it has hair and lays eggs. Monotremes are the only mammals to lay eggs.

Which group of mollusks are predators?

The cephalopods are predators.

What key event led to acceleration in mammal evolution?

The mass extinction of the dinosaurs approximately 65 million years ago allowed for mammals to rapidly diversify and dominate the planet.

What are the three body segments of a typical arthropod?

The three body segments of a typical arthropod are an abdomen, thorax, and head.

List the two divisions of chordates and briefly explain what the basic differences are.

The two divisions of chordates are the vertebrates and the invertebrates. The basic differences are that invertebrates lack a backbone and a skull.

What is interesting about Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens?

The two species overlapped in that they were alive at the same time. Evidence also suggests that Homo sapiens bred with Homo neanderthalensis.

List the three major evolutionary branch points in animal evolution.

Three major branch points include: tissues, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.

Briefly describe the only way in which an arthropod can grow.

To grow larger, an arthropod must build a new exoskeleton and shed (molt) the old exoskeleton.

List four groups of reptiles.

Turtles, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds, and lizards and snakes.

Marsupials

Types of mammals. Characteristics: Give birth to a small embryo that finishes development in a sac or pouch on the mother.

Eutherians

Types of mammals. Characteristics: Have a complex placenta that houses the developing offspring for a significantly longer amount of time.

Monotremes

Types of mammals. Characteristics: Lay eggs.

Flatworms

Types of worms. Characteristics: Found in marine, freshwater, and damp environments; most have a gastrovascular cavity; some are human parasites.

Annelids

Types of worms. Characteristics: Have body segmentation; complex digestive tract; found in marine, freshwater, and damp environments.

Roundworms

Types of worms. Characteristics: Not segmented; bodies taper at either end; found almost anywhere on Earth; complete digestive tract.

A lancelet is an invertebrate chordate, which means it lacks a skull and backbone. Is it still considered an animal? Briefly explain your answer.

Yes, it is considered an animal because lancelets belong to a phylum of the kingdom Animalia. More specifically, they are heterotrophs.

You discover an animal that has radial symmetry and tissue organization. Would you be able to classify it as a cnidarian based on one or both of those characteristics? If so, which one(s)?

You would be able to classify it as a cnidarian based on the fact that it has radial symmetry. While it is true that cnidarians have tissues, all other animals have tissues as well except for sponges. However, no other animal has radial symmetry, which is what makes it a cnidarian.

You are holding a centipede in your left hand and a millipede in your right hand. What physical characteristic would help you to distinguish between them?

You would be able to tell them apart by the number of legs on each body segment. Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment and millipedes have two pairs of legs per body segment.