Chapter 10: Africa South of the Sahara

How many of relationships in Africa are Polygamist?

Less than 10%, although many people do support it.

Why have tribal ties been loosening?

Movement to the cities

How did Christianity come to Africa?

-Africa's oldest Christians live in Ethiopia, members of the Coptic Church, came into Africa from Europe in the Middle Ages. -Other Christians came later, missionaries in the 1800s, Protestants and Catholics, this was due to colonization.

What contributions to music have come out of Africa?

-The drum, which was made from an elephant's ear, as it was heard over a great distance. a.) Jazz b.) Gospel c.)Rhythm and Blues

What three racial groups live in Africa?

1) Caucasoid- White 2) Negroid- Black 3) Mongoloid- Yellow

Why do less than half of Africans not eat fish?

1) Fish spoils quickly 2) Most Africans grow crows and are herders 3) Lack of places to fish.

What are Africa's Great Lakes?

1) Lake Victoria—27,000 sq. miles, world's second largest lake. (Second to Lake Superior) 2) Lake Tanganyika—420 miles long. Longest freshwater lake. Deeper than any lake in the world except for Lake Baikal in Russia. 3) Lake Malawi—11,000+ sq. miles. Very dangerous, lots of currents. More people drown here than any other lake in the world. 4) Lake Chad—Evaporating, as there are no outlets to the sea in a very hot area.

Why is the Hydroelectricity productions so low in Africa?

1)Except for mines, there is little need for electricity. 2)People have too little money to afford electricity. 3)Best sources of hydroelectricity are far from the cities.

What are the major groups In Africa?

1)Negroid 2)Hamites 3)Semites 4)The Europeans 5)The Asians

Why does Africa only supply 4% of the world's lumber?

1)Valuable trees are slow-growing. Poor soil 2)Most aren't found close to each other, expensive to get out. 3)Trees are often found far from roads and transportation.

What causes the lack of Fertile Soil in Africa?

1.) Leaching- warm rainfall dissolves the chemicals in the soil and carries them beneath the root systems. 2.) Water Erosion- takes topsoil away because of leaching. 3.) High Temperatures- cause rapid decay of plants not allowing humus (topsoil) to form, rather carbon dioxide forms and is lost in the air. 2% humus.

What are the creative arts in Africa?

1.) Sculptures 2.) Music 3.) Writers

What is the size of Africa?

9.5 million square miles. 2.5x the United States. It is 5,000 miles long and 400-600 miles at it's widest point.

What did the man have to pay to marry?

A dowry, which is a payment to the family of the bride for loss of the services of the girl. It was also a form of insurance to make sure the husband treated his wife properly.

What is a tribe?

A tribe is a group of people who came from the same ancestors. At times large numbers of tribes would join together to form a country (Empire).

What is Africa's trade problem?

Africa tends to export raw materials and import finished products. -Deficit balance of trade.

What is the oldest African religion?

Animism. •Believe everything has a soul. •Kept on by the setback of scientific reason. Worship many things. •Believes when a person dies, the soul enters the spirit world, and then comes back in the form of a new baby.

What is it called when all countries vote similar to each other or the same?

Bloc Voting

How did Hinduism come to Africa?

Came from India in the 1800s, working on plantations and railroads.

What do the Asians in Africa do?

Come from Pakistan and India, live on the east coast, came to work on plantations.

What two continents does the land bridge in north-east Africa connect Africa with?

Europe and Asia

Who often lives together?

Extended family.

Who believes in Animism?

It is the strongest in Africans who cannot read or write.

How did Islam come to Africa?

It spread to Africa in the 1600s, a large percent are in the western part.

What have countries done for the animals?

Numerous countries set aside game reservation, for the animals. • The Kruger National Park—8,000 sq. miles

What are fetishes?

Objects believed to have special powers, the best ones were ones with human blood and bones.

How many types of fish does Lake Malawi have?

Over 200 different species

Who are the Semites?

The Arabs, live on the island of Zanzibar and the cities along the eastern coast. Many are business people.

Where are most of Africa's lakes and rivers located?

The Great Rift Valley 1) 4,000 miles long, 30-50 miles wide. Western Rift runs for 1,000 miles before connecting.

Which group makes up 50% of the population?

The Negroids: • The Sudanese-live in Western Africa • The Bantus- live in Central and Southern Africa • The Niloties- Live around the great lakes of east Africa. (Many men stand around 7 ft.)

What is Africa Called?

The Tropical Continent, as 90% of the area is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, north to south.

Who arranged the marriages?

The parents of girls arranged marriages to men based on money and assets. Often the man was much older than the girl.

What are the roles of Traditional Healers?

They are doctors of sorts, herbal healers, very important to villages. Made fetishes.

Who are the Hamites?

They live in Ethiopia and Somalia. From European descent, medium heights with light brown skin.

True or false, Africa was the last of the great continents to be open to world trade.

True

What minerals does Africa have a lot of?

a) Copper b) Manganese c) Chromite d) Tin e) Platinum

What are some of the African tribes?

a) Ghana b) Mali c) Songhai

What are some important mountain peaks in Africa?

a) Mt. Kilimanjaro—Tanzania, more than 19,000 ft. high. b) Mt. Kenya—Kenya. 17,000 ft. high. Sits on the equator.

What are Africa's Rivers?

a) The Nile—Longest River in the world. 4,000 miles. Until the 1870s, nobody knew the source of the Nile, which is Lake Victoria. Empties at the city of Alexandria into the Mediterranean. b) The Zaiher—2,700 miles. Second greatest flow of water in the world, second to the Amazon River. i.) Drains a rainforest of 1.6 million sq. miles. ii.)Empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Enters without forming a delta. iii)Used more for transportation than any other river. 8,500 miles of water through tributaries. c) The Niger—2,600 miles. Empties into the Gulf of Guinea. It has a delta of over 200 miles. d) The Zambezi—1,600 miles long, flows into the Indian Ocean. i.)Victoria Falls is located on this river. ii)Victoria Falls is twice the height of Niagara Falls, and much wider. Drops into the "Boiling Pot Gorge". Natives call it the "Smoke that Thunders". iii.)On the river there is the Kariba Reservoir, from the dam construction, is much larger than the state of Rhode Island.

What is the Tropical Rainforest Climate like?

a) The largest area, or the Congo, sits on either side of the equator, including Nigeria and Zahair b) Western Africa, on the Ivory Coast, in Sierra Leone and Liberia. c) Along the east coast of the Malagasi Republic (Madagascar) •Between 60-100 inches of rainfall. •No dry season. Rains every month •The three-stories rainforest, layers of trees block out sunlight. •Make up less than 10% of the landmass. As population grows, the rainforest is depleted.

What were some of Africa's first richest resources?

a) Yellow gold (Gold) b) White gold (Ivory) c) Black gold (Slavery) -Diamonds were discovered in 1867 in South Africa, produce 70% of the world's diamonds. -1860s-70s, gold was discovered, 2/3 of the world's gold comes from Africa. -2/3 of the world's cacao and sisal fiber comes from Africa.

What are some of Africa's valuable trees?

a)Mahogany b)Walnut c)Rosewood d)Ebony e)Teak f)Blackwood

What is the Desert climate like?

a)Sahara—biggest desert in the world. Sahara means "wilderness". Bigger than Europe and increasing in size. b)Namib—along the west coast of Africa c)Kalahari—inland, east of the Namib. Semi-arid. More life than the other deserts. Similar in climate to Arizona.

What are the climates in Africa?

a)Tropical Rain forest (Jungle) b)Savanna c)Steppe d)Desert e)Humid Sub-tropical f)Mediterranean Climate

What are some of Africa's famous writers, and what topics do they talk about?

a.) Prejudice and Discrimination done in Africa, by Europeans. 1.) Albert Luthuli- Let My People Go 2.) Kenneth Kaunda- Zambia Shall Be Free b.) Loss of Traditional Values and Customs 1.) Ezekial Mphahlele- Down Second Avenue

What are the famous sculptures in Africa?

a.) The Bronzes of Benin b.) The Heads of Efi c.) The Nok Terracotta --Some of these are over 2,000 years old.

What have governments done to encourage fish consumption?

• "Fish Farming", where farmers grow rice and harvest warm-water fish on farms. (Uganda and Nigeria) • Walvis Bay is the fishing port in the southwestern part of South Africa. • A lot of fish still aren't used for eating, but for fertilizer and animal feed.

What is the Altitude and Temperature like in Africa?

• "Night is the Winter of the Tropics." • There is little difference between summer and winter, the big difference comes between day and night. Almost up to a 50-degree difference, hot to cold. • Lowlands are hot and humid, while the highlands get cooler by a degree every 300 ft. • Nairobi, Kenya, was important to the Europeans due to temperature.

What has happened to the animals in Africa?

• 150 years ago, millions of animals roamed the plains. Less than 2% still remain. 1)Human encroachment-growth in population, land is being taken. 2)Poaching 3)Hunting

What effected the number of African countries are in the U.N.?

• Before 1945, only 4 African nations belonged to the U.N. • Most other countries were colonies. • After WWII, they gained independence, and more than 40 countries joined. • Usually all countries vote the same at the U.N.

What are some of Africa's "Space-Age" metals?

• Beryllium- light, strong metal. 70% lighter than steel, yet stronger. Holds its strength at high temperatures. Used on rockets and jets. Zaire Uganda • Cobalt- doesn't rust, used primarily as an alloy. Used for machine tools, rocket and jet engines. Zaire Zambia • Columbium- used as an alloy with stainless steel. Nigeria • Tantalum- blue-colored metal. Resists acid, high temperatures. Used for the construction of nuclear power plants. Nigeria • Manganese- an alloy Ghana • Bauxite- made into aluminum Guinea

What is the Geography of Africa like?

• High in the east, low in the west (due to volcanic activity) • Highest in the northeast, 8,000 ft. above sea level. In the west the elevation is 1,500 ft. above sea level. • There are few harbors on the western part of the continent due to the cliffs, as the land rarely drops down to sea level.

Why does polygamy happen?

• In many cases if a woman's husband dies, the brother of the husband will take her in, marrying her, as an unmarried woman is a negative thing. • Women without a husband and her children are pitied, polygamy makes sure everyone has a home. • The main reason is that there is a need for children to help in the traditional economy.

Why is it hard to know the number of people in Africa?

• It is believed that there are over a billion people living there, but it is hard to do an exact census. Transportation- is poor, hard to get around to find out the population. Locals don't trust the government Some countries are too poor to do a census.

What is the north-eastern part of Africa called?

• The Roof of Africa.

What are some of the mountain ranges in Africa?

• The Rywenzori Mountains in Uganda. Average 16,000 ft. high. Called "The Mountains of the Moon". • The Drakensburg Mountains to the south, 10,000 ft. high.

What is rainfall like in Africa?

• The further from the equator, the less rainfall. • Exceptions are: Wind Altitude Ocean Currents • Heaviest rainfall found where the slopes of Western Africa meets the sea.

What is the Savanna climate like?

• There is more savanna in Africa than all other continents put together. i)Sudan—to the north ii)Serengeti—to the south • Each have wet and dry season, opposite of each other • Primarily Grasslands • Large migratory groups. Go back and forth between Sudan and the Serengeti depending on the alternating seasons. • 20-30 inches of rainfall.

What is water power like in Africa?

•Africa's world potential is about 40% hydroelectricity. •The Zaire river has about 60% of that potential. •The Zambezi river is also a large part. •However Africa only produces about 10%

What is the Steppe climate like?

•North and South of Savanna, normally. •10-20 inches of rainfall. Farming is risky, for grazing.

What is the Humid Sub-Tropical climate like?

•Republic of South Africa—Southeastern part. •Some rain every month. 40-60 inches of rain per year. Similar to Florida

What is the Mediterranean climate like?

•Southwest part of the Republic of South Africa. •Warm, dry summers, cool winters. •Ideal for growing crops, on the Veldt. (Highland, rich soil) •Earliest settlers were the Dutch

What are the things wanted by the wives?

•Their own home •For their children to be treated fairly. This is a big problem in some cases.

What languages are used in Africa?

•There are over 800 languages/dialects spoken in Africa today. a) Zulus- South Africa b) Swahili- Eastern Africa c) Hauhaza- West Africa d) Bantu- South Africa •In many cases the official language is the one of the colonial powers that ruled the country.

What is mineral wealth like in Africa?

•They lack coal and oil but have a large abundance of copper. •"Copper is King" •The Shaba Providence in Zaire, 250 miles long by 50 miles wide, is the largest vein of copper in the world, producing 25% of the world's amount. •Other minerals include: i)Diamonds- Republic of South Africa produces 75%, in the city of Kimberly. ii)Gold- Republic of South Africa, Johannesburg, 60% of the world's gold.

Who are the Europeans in Africa?

•They live in the highlands. Kenya and the Republic of South Africa. a) British b) French c) Belgium d) Holland