Chapter 10 & 11 AP World History

Battle of Agincourt

A battle fought in AD 1415 between Henry V of England and the French armies of Charles VI. The English though outnumbered used new methods of warfare to defeat the French, which made the traditional ways of fighting obsolete, ending the age of chivalry.

Saladin

A great Muslim leader who would take back the Holy Lands from the Christians during the 3rd Crusade.

Cult of the Assassins

A radical Muslim cult that killed many of the Crusaders, they were wiped out by the Mongols under Hulagu.

Wars of the Roses

A series of wars fought from AD 1455 to AD 1485 for the throne of England by two noble families, the House of York and the House of Lancaster. Eventually Henry Tudor of the Lancaster line won and was crowned Henry VII.

Feudalism

A system of rule by local lords who were bound to a king by ties of loyalty. The people lived under a rigid class system.

Manor

A village and the lands around it that was controlled by the local lord.

Hundred Years War

A war between England and France that lasted from AD 1337 to 1453 AD, in which both countries fought for lands in northern France.

Joan of Arc

A young French farm girl who claimed to hear voices from Heaven that told her to fight for the French king. She led the French to several victories during the Hundred Years War, until she was finally captured by the English and burnt at the stake for heresy and witchcraft.

Gothic

Architecture of the Middle Ages that is best seen in the cathedrals of the time.

Battle of Hastings

Battle fought in AD 1066 when WIlliam the Conqueror overthrew the Anglo-Saxon Kings of England.

Chivalry

Code of conduct during the Middle Ages that dictated a knight's behavior.

Massacre of Jerusalem

Crusaders of the 1st Crusade killed the entire Muslim population of Jerusalem.

Parliament

English assembly made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons that is meant to represent the people of England.

Chaucer

English author form the late 1300s, who's most famous work The Canterbury Tale.

Charlemagne

Greatest of the Carolingian rulers. he became the first Holy Roman Emperor in AD 800 when he was crowned by the Pope.

Richard I

He was known as the Lion Heart, he is the king of the Robin Hood stories. He would order the execution of over 3,000 Muslim captives including women and children. When he left the Holy Land he had failed to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims, but he signed a treaty with Saladin so that Christians could visit in peace.

Mongols

Horseman from the steppes of Asia, who conquered the Middle East in the 1200's

Carolingians

Line of Frankish kings descended from Charles Martel who reunited and restored order to much of what had been the Roman Empire.

Ottoman Turks

Muslim empire that will control the Middle East and Persia after the fall of the Byzantine Empire

Children's Crusade

Occurring in 1212, it was a Crusade led by children who were convinced that God would lead them to victory. None of the children ever returned, they either died or were sold into slavery.

Dante

Political Italian author from the late 12 and early 1300's, who's most famous work The Divine Comedy: Inferno, pointed out injustices from his time with the evildoers spending eternity in Hell.

Vikings

Seafaring people from Scandinavia who raided much of Western Europe in the AD 800's and 900's. They were known for their violence and brutality, and are thought to be the first Europeans to reach the Americas around AD 1000

Magna Carta

The "Great Charter" signed by King John in AD 1215, it guaranteed the nobles certain rights that the king could not take away.

William the Conqueror

The Duke of Normandy who invaded and conquered England establishing the line of Norman Kings.

Battle of the Horns Hattin

The battle that lead to the fall of Jerusalem, as well as the 3rd Crusade. Saladin's forces defeated those of King Guy of Jerusalem and the True Cross that Jesus was supposedly crucified on.

Battle of Bosworth Field

The final battle of the Wars of the Roses in which the last of the Yorkist forces were defeated, and their king Richard III was killed by the Tudor forces of Henry VII.

Hulagu

The great Mongol leader and grandson of Genghis Khan, who is sent to restore order in Persia. He will eventually help Islam spread by taking it back to Asia.

Ferdinand and Isabella

The king and queen who united Spain in AD 1479, they then drove the Moors from Granada in AD 1492, and that same year financed the voyage of Christopher Columbus.

Serfs

The lowest class in a feudal society of tied to the land they lived on and the lord that owned it.