Chapter 10 and 11

Actions oppose the action of the agonist

antagonist

ability to be stretched

extensibility

Skeletal muscle is __________ by somatic motor neurons

innervated

Move bones, make facial expressions, speak, breathe, swallow

Body movement

Axial muscles have _____ organ and insertion on axial skeletons

Both

In ___________ of respiratory system, controls airflow to alveoli

Bronchioles

Areolar and adipose connective tissue superficial to deep fascia

Superficial fascia

Axial muscle ________ and _______ the head and vertebral column

Support, move

The ________ _____ is the narrow fluid-filled. space the separates the synaptic knob from the motor end plate

Synaptic cleft

The knob contains lots of _______ _______ small sacs filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Synaptic vescles

Cordlike structure of dense regular tissue

Tendon

The ends of the tubes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are called ________ _________

Terminal cisternae

If a muscle is stimulated 40-50 time per second, muscle twitches combine to give a constant tension with no relaxation

Tetany

_____ _________ consist of bundles of many myosin protein muscles

Thick filaments

_____ _________ consist of "ropes" made out of another type of protein called actin

Thin filaments

One t-tubule plus two sarcoplasmic reticuli is a(n)...

Triad

The rope-like __________ (colored green) block the actin/myosin binding sites

Tropomyosin

In _______ of urinary system, propels urine from kidneys to bladder

Ureters

In ______ of female reproductive system, delivers baby

Uterus

Skeletal muscle is ____________, it has extensive blood vessels

Vascularized

Skeletal muscle fibers are _________, they will only contract if the somatic nervous system tells them to contract

Voluntary

To get a muscle to contract and stay contracted, your nerves need to keep sending signals to the muscle

Wave or temporal summation

At the ends of each sarcomere are _ _____. specialized proteins running [perpendicular to the myofilaments

Z discs

The thick and thin filaments overlap, arranged in repeating segments called __________

sacromeres

In ______ ______, there are no T-tubules

smooth muscle

Motor neurons controlling ______ ______ run alongside the fibers

smooth muscle

__________ changes shape, shifting the tropomyosin

troponin

Each myofibril consists of multiple sacromeres joined at the _ _____

z discs

The ACh receptors are __________ _____ ________ that open when ACh binds

Chemically gated chemicals

Have concentrically arranged fibers oriented around an opening or recess, also called a sphincter

Circular muscles

involves sending an electrical change down the length of the cell membrane

Conductivity

Exhibited when filaments slide past each other (enables muscle to cause movement)

Contractility

The time when tension is increasing, as power strokes pull thin filaments

Contraction period

Have widespread muscle fibers over a broad area, converge on common attachment site

Convergent muscles

Often triangular in shape, does not pull as hard as parallel muscle as fibers pulling in differ directions e.g pectorals major

Convergent muscles

Myosin head attaches to exposed binding site on actin

Crossbridge formation

Dense irregular connective tissue superficial to qpimusium

Deep fascia

The thin filaments are anchored onto _____ ______ inside the cell

Dense bodies

An _____ contraction is when the muscle lengthens as it contracts

Eccentric

Ability to return to original length following a lengthening or shortening

Elasticity

Areolar connective tissue wrapping each individual fiber

Endomysium

Dense irregular connective tissue wrapping the whole muscle

Epimysium

Ability to respond to a stimulus by changing electrical membrane protential

Excitability

The series of events starting with stimulation of a neuromuscular junction and ending with contraction is called __________ ____________

Excitation contraction

A ________ is a bundle of many muscle fibers

Fascicle

*Contractions are fast and powerful *Contractions are brief, as ATP production is primarily anaerobic *Largest size, white in color due to lack of myoglobin

Fast glycolytic fibers

*Contractions are fast and powerful *Primarily aerobic respiration, but delivery of oxygen lower *Intermediate size, light red in color

Fast oxidative fibers type IIa

___ _________ between cells ensure all cells contract at same time, creating a single-unit muscle

Gap junctions

_______ is stored in skeletal muscle fibers for when fuel I needed quickly

Glycogen

_____ is the first step in cellular respiration, can quickly provide some ATP

Glycolysis

________ has a fast reaction and does not require oxygen

Glycolysis

________ fibers are fatiguable, they use anaerobic cellular respiration

Glycolytic

Help maintain body temperature

Heat Production

In __________ of digestive system, mixes and propels materials

Inestines

More moveable attachment of a muscle, usually the superior or distal attachment. e.g biceps brachii, insertion on the radius, contraction pulls foramen toward the shoulder

Insertion

Cells contain an extensive cytoskeleton composed of ____________ ___________ that connect to the bodies and plaques

Intermediate filaments

When the muscle length does change

Isotonic contraction

_ _____ are light-appearing regions on either side of the Z-discs

L bands

The time after the stimulus but before contraction begins

Latent period

The tension a muscle produces depends on the ______ __ ___ __________ at the time of stimulation

Length of the sarcomeres

In the middle of each sarcomere are _ _____, another set of proteins running perpendicular to the myofilaments

M lines

Stabilize joints, maintain body position

Maintenance of posture

Muscle fibers hace abundant ____________ for aerobic ATP production

Mitochondria

The _____ ___ _____ is the other part of the neuromuscular junction, the specialized region of the sarcolemma across the synaptic knob

Motor end plate

Skeletal muscle does not spontaneously contract, activity is controlled by somatic _____ _______ coming from the CNS

Motor neurons

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls is called a _____ ____

Motor unit

Some smooth muscles have synapses- these are called _______ muscles because they have motor units

Multiunit

Has motor units, found in iris ciliary muscles of the eye, arrestor pills muscles in skin, larger air passageways in respirator system

Multiunit smooth muscle

indicates muscles primary function

Muscle action

Indicates organs and/or insertions

Muscle attachments

A _______ _____ is just another name for a single muscle cell

Muscle fiber

________ _______ is the force generated when a muscle is stimulated to contract

Muscle tension

A _______ _______ is a breif contraction of one motor unit in response to a single stimulus

Muscle twitch

A while ______ is a complex organ that contains many fascicles

Muscles

Arranged as tubes running the length of the fiber, each fiber contains hundreds of ________

Myofibrils

____________ are contractile proteins precisley arranged within myofibrils

Myofilaments

Myofibrils are bundles of the actual contractile proteins called _____________

Myofliaments

Smooth muscle can also be stimulated by stretch, called the ________ ________

Myogenic response

Axons of neurons branch, then terminate at _____________ _________

Neuromuscular junctions

Each skeletal muscle is an ____, with multiple types of tissues working together

Organs

Indicates organization of muscle facicles

Orientation of muscle fibers

Less moveable attachment of a muscle, usually the inferior or proximal attachment. e.g Biceps brachia, organ on the scapula

Origin

_________ fibers are fatigue-resistant, they use aerobic cellular respiration

Oxidative

Have fascicles parallel to long axis, sometimes form cylindrical shape with expanded central regions (the central body, or belly)

Parallel Muscles

Have fascicles arranged at oblique angle to the tendon, with one or more tendons extending through muscle body

Pennate muscles

Put at an angle on the tendon, does not move tendons as far as parallel muscles, but generates more tension than parallel muscle

Pennate muscles

Dense irregular connective tissue wrapping each facial fascicle, houses many blood vessels and nerves

Perimysium

_____ is related to diameter of muscle fiber

Power

Myosin head pulls the thin filament toward center of sarcomere and releases ADP and P

Power stroke

Package internal organs and hold them in place

Protection and support

Circular sphincters control passage of material at orifices

Regulating elimination of materials

The time when tension is decreasing back to baseline

Relaxation period

ATP binds to myosin head causing its release from actin

Release of myosin head

ATP splits into ADP and P providing the energy to "cock" the myosin head

Reset myosin head

Muscle fibers exhibit _______ ________ _________ just like neurons

Resisting membrane potential

__________ has typical organelles plus contractile proteins and other specializations

Sacroplasm

Each myofibril is enclosed in special smooth endoplasmic reticulum called _________ __________

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Skeletal muscle cells are loaded with lots of smooth endoplasmic reticulum called ____________ _________

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

The entire muscle is stimulated to contract, it is just one motor unit, cells are linked by gap junctions, when one contracts they all contract

Single-unit smooth muscle

In ________ ______, the action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules

Skeletal Muscle

In ________ ______, after release from the SR Ca^2+ binds to troponin, shifts tropomyosin, and exposes the actin to myosin

Skeletal muscle

________ ______ is controlled bu neuromuscular junctions (for speed)

Skeletal muscle

________ ______ is controlled by the somatic motor nervous system

Skeletal muscle

*Contractions are slower and less powerful *High endurance since ATP supplied aerobically *About half the diameter of other fibers, red in color due to myoglobin

Slow oxidative fibers type 1

______ ______ is controlled by the autonomic motor nervous system

Smooth muscle

Indicates muscles location

Specific body regions

_____ and ________ are related to the type of myosin and quickness of CA^2+

Speed, duration

In _____ _______ of cardiovascular system, helps regulate blood pressure and flow

Blood vessels

_ _____ are dark-appearing regions on either side of the M-lines

A Bands

____________________ is found in the synaptic cleft, the enzyme that breaks down the ACh molecules

Acetylcholinesterase

Long-term supply of ATP can only be through, and requires oxygen, overs within the mitochondria

Aerobic cellular respiration

Muscle that contracts to produce a movement

Agonist

Thin, flattened sheet of dense irregular tissue

Aponeurosis

Control movements of pectoral and pelvic girdles

Appendicular muscles

Control movements of upper and lower limbs

Appendicular muscles

Organized into groups based on locations

Appendicular muscles

Function in facial expression, breathing, chewing and swallowing

Axial Muscles

Support and protect abdominal and pelvic organs

Axial Muscles

A ________ contraction is when the muscle shortens as it contracts

concentric

Each ________ ____ is just an expanded tip of the motor neuron axon

synaptic knob

muscle assisting agonist

synergist