chapter 10 developmental psychology
10.4 What is multi systemic treatment?
- actively involve the family seem to work better than those that remove the child from the family. - found to make substantial improvements in family relations and to decrease children's aggression toward peers, involvement with other conduct-disordered youth, and overall criminality
10.6 What are some causes of attachment disorders?
- children raised in deplorable conditions found in orphanages in Romania. - They never had the consistent, sensitive, or responsive caregiving necessary for this bond to form.
10.2 What are the three dimensions of temperament according to Mary Rothbart?
- extraversion - negative emotion - self-regulation
10.5 How does the quality of an infant's attachment affect relationships later in childhood and adolescence?
- infants' earliest attachment experiences do not doom infants who begin with insecure attachment nor are they a guarantee for those who begin with secure attachment - parent and peer attachment found that adolescents who report a secure relationship with their parents also tend to report a secure attachment with their close friends
10.5 What differences in attachment categories has cross-cultural research found?
- the proportion of infants who are classified by the Strange Situation as having a secure attachment does not differ very much from one country to another - American and Northern European cultures: avoidant attachment (focus on individuality) - Israel, Korea, and Japan: anxious/ambivalent attachment (focus on family unit)
Which of the following emotions is not considered to be one of the universal emotions? A. Guilt B. Anger C. Disgust D. Happiness
A
Which type of parent wants their child to be happy, so they see negative emotions in their child as a sign that they have failed as a parent? A. Emotion dismissing parent B. Emotion coaching parent C. Emotionally avoidant parent D. Emotion regulating parent
A
Difficult Temperament
A child's general responsiveness marked by more negative mood, intense responses, slow adaptation to change, and irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination
Easy Temperament
A child's general responsiveness marked by positive mood, easy adaptation to change, and regularity and predictability in patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination
Major Depression
A condition marked by feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, a lack of pleasure, sleep and appetite disturbances, and possibly suicidal thoughts
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
A disorder marked by inability to form attachments to caregivers
Shame
A feeling that occurs as a result of personal failure or when children attribute their bad behavior to an aspect of themselves that they believe they cannot change
Slow-To-Warm Temperament
A general responsiveness marked by a slow adaptation to new experiences and moderate irregularity in eating, sleeping, and elimination
Anxiety Disorder
A level of anxiety that is severe, lasts a long time, and interferes with normal functioning
Emotion Coaching
A parental style that teaches children how to understand their emotions and deal with them
Emotion Dismissing
A parental style that teaches children to ignore their feelings
Coercive Family Environment
A pattern of family interaction in which parents and children mutually train each other so that the child becomes increasingly aggressive and the parents become less effective in controlling the child's behavior
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
A persistent pattern of behavior marked by defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures
Conduct Disorder
A persistent pattern of behavior marked by violation of the basic rights of others or of major age-appropriate social norms or rules
Secure Attachment
A strong, positive emotional bond with a person who provides comfort and a sense of security
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
A therapeutic approach based on changing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors to deal with problem-focused goals
Anxiety
A vague fear of events that may or may not occur
Emotion Schemas
All the associations and interpretations that an individual connects to a certain emotion
10.3 What are the age and gender differences in the ability to delay gratification?
Although girls waited longer than boys before peeking on the gift wrap task, there was no gender difference in the likelihood that they would peek at some point during the test period.
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
An attachment classification in which behavior is unpredictable and odd and shows no coherent way of dealing with attachment issues, often linked with parental abuse or neglect
Anxious Avoidant Attachment
An attachment classification in which the infant is not distressed when her mother leaves, is as comfortable with the stranger as with her mother, and does not rush to greet her mother when she returns
Anxious Ambivalent/ Resistant Attachment
An attachment classification in which the infant is reluctant to move away from his mother to explore and is very distressed when she leaves, but when she returns, he approaches her but also angrily resists her attempt to pick him up
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
An attachment disorder in which children approach strangers indiscriminately, not differentiating between attachment figures and other people
Basic Emotions
An automatic and unlearned set of emotions that arise early in development and have a biological basis
10.1 What are the basic emotions?
An automatic and unlearned set of emotions that arise early in development and have a biological basis.
Attachment
An emotional bond to a particular person
10.5 What are Ainsworth's four types of attachment?
Anxious avoidant attachment: An attachment classification in which the infant is not distressed when her mother leaves, is as comfortable with the stranger as with her mother, and does not rush to greet her mother when she returns. Anxious ambivalent/resistant attachment: An attachment classification in which the infant is reluctant to move away from his mother to explore and is very distressed when she leaves, but when she returns, he approaches her but also angrily resists her attempt to pick him up. Disorganized/disoriented attachment: An attachment classification in which behavior is unpredictable and odd and shows no coherent way of dealing with attachment issues. Secure Attachment: An attachment classification in which the infant explores from a secure base, tolerates strangers, protests separation, and is calmed by the mother during reunion.
A child who has a slow-to-warm temperamental style exhibits which of the following behaviors? A. Low intensity of reaction B. Slightly negative quality of mood C. Irregular rhythmicity D. Very adaptable to new situations or people
B
At what age do children typically begin to fear loud noises or novel items in their environment? A. 3 months B. 7 months C. 12 months D. 15 months
B
The emotional bond that you have for a particular person is called __________. A. empathy B. attachment C. temperament D. goodness of fit
B
Understanding and controlling your own emotions, understanding the emotions of others, and using this understanding in your interactions with other people are all indicators of: A. a secure attachment B. emotional intelligence C. social referencing D. empathy
B
Internalizing (Or Self Directed) Behaviors
Behaviors in which a child's emotions are turned inward and become hurtful to themselves
Externalizing (Or Other Directed) Behaviors
Behaviors, such as aggressive or destructive behavior, in which the child or adolescent "acts out" on the environment
If your eyes fill with tears when you watch a television program about children who are growing without enough food and no medical care, you are experiencing __________. A. guilt B. sympathy C. empathy D. shame
C
MacKenzie, a toddler, is visiting Disneyworld with her family. She has never seen life size Disney characters. When Mickey Mouse walks by her and waves, she quickly looks at her mother. Her mother is smiling, so MacKenzie waves back at Mickey and smiles. MacKenzie is illustrating: A. emotional intelligence B. universality of emotion C. social referencing D. emotional display rules
C
Rebecca is a baby that does not like loud noise and gets anxious around crowds. Her parents make sure to avoid any situation that upsets Rebecca, and if they need to go somewhere like this, they prepare her for it. The relationship between Rebecca and her parents illustrates: A. social referencing B. emotional intelligence C. goodness of fit D. temperamental alteration
C
What is the most effect approach to treating children with attachment disorders? A. Cognitive-behavioral therapy B. Psychotherapy C. Developing the mother's sensitivity to the baby/child D. There is nothing that can be done to alter behaviors of children with attachment disorders
C
Which of the following statements about depression during adolescence is true? A. Minority adolescents are more likely to suffer from depression than other adolescents. B. Biological differences are the best explanation for the gender differences in adolescent depression. C. Between 70% and 80% of clinically depressed adolescents never receive treatment for their condition. D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is the most common co-occurring disorder with depression.
C
Sympathy
Concern for others' welfare that often leads to helping or comforting them
Emotional Display Rules
Culturally determined norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or should not, be shown
The cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should, or shouldn't be shown are known as: A. emotional intelligence B. universality of emotion C. social referencing D. emotional display rules
D
Toddlers form an internal working model of attachment which: A. is an idealized representation of the same-sex parent with which the child identifies B. represents the ever-changing patterns of interaction in their relationship with their primary caregiver C. helps them understand that different children can have different types of attachment with their caregivers D. represents a particular attachment relationship and guides the child's expectations for what future relationships will be like
D
What type of attachment disorder is associated with children not having any special relationship with their caregiver and will interact the same with a stranger or someone they know well? A. Reactive attachment disorder B. Social interpretation disorder C. Autism spectrum disorder D. Disinhibited social engagement disorder
D
__________ is the general emotional style an individual displays when responding to events in the world. A. Empathy B. Sympathy C. Excitability D. Temperament
D
Separation Anxiety
Distress felt when separated from a parent
Self-Conscious Emotions
Emotions that depend on awareness of oneself, such as pride, guilt, and shame
T/F: Asking a teen whether he is thinking about committing suicide will make it more likely he will do it.
False
T/F: Emotions are universal, so people all over the world understand each other's emotional expressions.
False
T/F: Mothers must have immediate contact with their babies after they are born if a secure attachment is to be formed.
False
T/F: Programs that use a "tough-love" approach (for example, wilderness camps, boot camps) for adolescents with conduct problems have been highly successful at rehabilitating these young people.
False
T/F: The best thing to do for an anxious child is to ignore the child's fears and let the child grow out of them.
False
T/F: The temperament that you are born with is the one that will stay with you throughout your life.
False
T/F: When babies cry because a parent has left, it is evidence that they are too attached to their parents.
False
Stranger Anxiety
Fearfulness that infants develop at about 6 months of age toward people they do not know
Guilt
Feelings children have when they think about the negative aspects of something they have done, particularly moral failures
Goodness Of Fit
How well a child's temperamental characteristics match with the demands of the child's environment
10.2 What is goodness of fit and why is it important?
How well a child's temperamental characteristics match with the demands of the child's environment. It is important because if your parents can make sure that the child is well fed before entering a place the child doesn't care for then they could have a much better experience
10.4 What role does a coercive family environment play in the development of an oppositional defiant disorder?
If your child has a hostile attitude towards authority figures and you use a coercive family environment the child is likely to become more aggressive and the parent will have more trouble controlling behavior
Strange Situation
Mary Ainsworth's experimental procedure designed to assess security of attachment in infants
10.5 What is an internal working model?
Mental representations of the particular attachment relationships that a child has experienced that shape expectations of future relationships
Internal Working Model
Mental representations of the particular attachment relationships that a child has experienced that shape expectations of future relationships
10.6 What is the difference between reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder?
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD): A disorder marked by inability to form attachments to caregivers. Disinhibited social engagement disorder: An attachment disorder in which children approach strangers indiscriminately, not differentiating between attachment figures and other people.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
Severe and frequent temper tantrums that are out of proportion with the situation
Empathy
Sharing the feelings of other people
Effortful Control
The ability to consciously control one's behavior
10.3 What is effortful control?
The ability to consciously control one's behavior.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to understand and control one's emotions, to understand the emotions of others, and to use this understanding in human interactions
10.3 What is emotional intelligence and why is it important to positive development?
The ability to understand and control one's emotions, to understand the emotions of others, and to use this understanding in human interactions. This is important because it fosters a higher quality of life because your child would be more socially and academically competent, agreeable and sympathetic, more resilient, kind and helpful.
Delay Of Gratification
The ability to wait until later to get something desirable
10.1 What is emotion?
The body's physiological reaction to a situation, your cognitive interpretation of the situation, communication to another person, and your own actions
Emotion
The body's physiological reaction to a situation, your cognitive interpretation of the situation, communication to another person, and your own actions
Secure Base Script
The expectation that a child develops that distress will or will not be met with care, concern, and support
10.5 What is a secure base script?
The expectation that a child develops that distress will or will not be met with care, concern, and support.
Temperament
The general emotional style an individual displays in responding to events
Drive Reduction
The idea that human behavior is determined by the motivation to satisfy or reduce the discomfort caused by biological needs or drives
Clear-Cut Attachment
The stage from 6 to 8 months to 18 months to 2 years, when an infant develops separation anxiety when a person he is attached to leaves him
Attachment in the Making
The stage from 6 weeks to 6 to 8 months in which infants develop stranger anxiety, differentiating those they know from those they don't
Goal-Corrected Partnership
The stage of development of attachment from 18 months on, when toddlers create reciprocal relationships with their mothers
Pre Attachment
The stage of development of attachment from birth to 6 weeks, in which infant sensory preferences bring infants into close connection with parents
Secure Base For Exploration
The use of a parent to provide the security that an infant can rely on as she explores the environment
T/F: Boys and girls are equally likely to try to peek as an adult wraps a present, even if they are told not to.
True
T/F: If a child has developed an insecure attachment to a parent, that child can still become securely attached later in her life.
True
T/F: Teens who are securely attached to their friends are also likely to be securely attached to their parents.
True
Social Referencing
Using the reaction of others to determine how to react in ambiguous situations
10.1 How do empathy and sympathy differ?
When we experience sympathy: another's distress we are more likely to try to show comforting that person. when we experience empathy: we share the same feelings of other people
10.4 Why is it dangerous to mistake a major depression for normal adolescent moodiness?
depression can lead to suicide, the third leading cause of death among youth between the ages of 10 and 24
10.4 What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
fear is generally thought of as a response to a real event, whereas anxiety involves the anticipation of events that may or may not occur.
10.2 How do we define temperament?
general emotional style an individual displays in responding to events.
10.5 What effect does non-parental care have on an infant's attachment to parents?
many of the characteristics that were expected to affect the quality of an infant's attachment to parents, including the number of hours spent in care, the quality of the care itself, and the type of care, had very few significant effects
10.1 What is the difference between shame and guilt?
shame indicates a feeling of personal failure and guilt represents a moral failure
10.2 Describe if or how temperament changes over time.
shows a tendency for children to maintain the same temperament over time, but some small change can occur in a child's temperament
10.2 What are the temperament categories identified by Thomas and Chess?
temperament: activity level, adaptability, approach or withdrawal, attention span and persistence, distractibility, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, rhythmicity (or regularity), and threshold of responsiveness.
10.1 How does social referencing influence children's expressions of emotion?
they look to a trusted adult to be able to gage how they feel so that they can react in a very similar way
