Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation

If you had to guess someone's emotion but could only look at one part of his face, which part would you choose to look at?

eyes

Ghrelin

originates in the stomach and triggers eating

How do display rules cause differences in which emotions people show?

-Display rules vary across cultures and account for the differences between the cold, bland British and warm, emotional Italians. -The difference in which emotions women and men more frequently display may have an evolutionary basis.

In what ways do we use emotions to help us make decisions?

-When making a judgment about doing something risky, we are strongly influenced by our current mood. -People will be more likely to say they like a stranger if they are in a better mood.

Though Maslow's needs hierarchy is widely referenced in education and business, it lacks empirical support. Select the examples of behaviors that go against Maslow's hierarchy.

-choosing to stay at home and write short stories rather than making friends -starving yourself in order to be thinner in the hope of having more friends -continuing to create paintings even though critics and the public hate them -diving into a very deep, dangerous cave to break a world record

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. love and attatchment. -released during organsm

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

James-Lange Theory

Arousal (bodily response) comes before emotion. EX: see bear causes heart to race- perceive heart race as fear

Though some of the research is inconclusive, how might biological factors affect sexual orientation?

Females who were exposed to androgens while in the womb are more likely to report being lesbians. Mothers who have already given birth to one boy may develop an immune reaction when pregnant with another boy, which alters the hormones in the prenatal environment. There is an area of the hypothalamus that is smaller in gay men than it is in straight men. Identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to have the same sexual orientation.

Which of the following statements about the circumplex model are accurate?

Getting mugged would cause a feeling high in activation and negative in valence. Emotions are plotted along two continuums: activation and valence.

How does culture play in role in what we eat?

People may refuse to eat unfamiliar foods even if they are starving to death. Children are more likely to eat a new food offered by their mothers than by a friendly stranger. Local norms for how to prepare food determine what we enjoy eating.

misattribution of arousal

The tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing

What eating behaviors exhibited by our ancestors were evolutionary adaptive and have therefore been passed down to us?

They avoided unknown foods because they might have been dangerous. Babies were more likely to eat foods their families were eating. Taboos may have helped people avoid foods that were contaminated. The desire to eat more when there was a greater variety of food helped satisfy nutritional requirements.

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

glucose

amount present in the bloodstream makes us feel hungry or full

fat

amount present on the body makes us feel hungry or full

emotion

an immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts

secondary emotions

blends of primary emotions; they include remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation

somatic markers

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences -When you contemplate an action, you experience an emotional reaction based on your expectation of how the action will turn out. -Feeling physically bad after doing something will prevent you from doing it in the future. -People with damage to the middle prefrontal region of their brains are insensitive to somatic markers. ex: seeing speed limit sign causes you to remember your last ticket and slow down

display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions. ex: more acceptable for women to cry

differ in strength

degree of motivation changes based on internal and external forces

circumplex model

emotions are plotted along two continuums: valence (negative to positive) and arousal (low to high)

primary emotions

emotions that are innate, evolutionary adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures). ex: anger, fear, happiness

need-drive-behavior

food-hunger-eating water-thirst-drinking

The Schachter-Singer theory

holds that emotion results from feeling nonspecific arousal and then attributing a cause to that arousal. stimulus-arousal-label (fear)- emotion

leptin

inhibits eating behavior and regulates fat

limbic system

is the brain region that governs reward. links brain to emotional functions.

Mood

long lasting emotional state that do not have an identifiable object or trigger

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, under what circumstances will an actress put on a good performance on the opening night of the play?

moderately nervous

Hypothalamus

monitors hormone and nutrient levels and integrates signals from throughout the body. important for motivation

self-determination theory

people are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy -rewards may reduce value because they undermine peoples feelings that they are choosing to do something for themselves. -feelings of autonomy and competence make people feel good about themselves and inspire them to do their best work

self-perception theory

people are seldom aware of their specific motives; they draw inferences about their motives according to what seems to make the most sense

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological(hunger/ thirst), safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization(living to full potential)

dopamine

plays a role in experiencing physical pleasure

nitric oxide

promotes blood flow to the genitals

affect-as-information theory

proposed by Norbert Schwarz & Gerald Clore: people use current moods to make judgments and appraisals.

Serotonin

reduce sexual interest

Hypothalamus

regulates sexual behavior by stimulating the production of sex hormones in the reproductive organs

fast path

sensory information travels quickly through the THALAMUS TO AMYGDALA for priority processing. prepares for threat

slow path

sensory material travels from the THALAMUS to the VISUAL CORTEX (the visual cortex or the auditory cortex), where the information is scrutinized in greater depth before it is passed along to the amygdala. assess threat

androgen and estrogen

sex hormones

energizing

stimulating

directive

targeting specific needs or goals

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

feeling

the subjective experience of the emotion, such as feeling scared, but not the emotion itself

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory holds that information about emotional stimuli is sent to the mind and body separately, so arousal and emotion happen simultaneously. ex: when you see bear separate signals cause your heart to race and you to feel scared