Chapter 10 - Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Reducing Prejudice • _________ children working toward ________ goal • Long-term intergroup contact and collaboration: − Neighborhoods − Schools − Communities • Fostering belief in changeability of human traits • Volunteering

diverse, common

• Cultural forces and gender- stereotyped expectations profoundly affect self-esteem • Compared with their European- American agemates, African- American children tend to have slightly higher self-esteem, possibly because of warm extended _________ and stronger ________ pride • Children with a strong sense of ____________ security and whose parents use an *****__________ childrearing style feel especially good about themselves

families, ethnic attachment, authoritative

PEER RELATIONS • By the end of middle childhood, children form peer _______, which generate a distinct "_____ ______" • Within the peer group, children acquire many social skills: • Cooperation • Leadership • Followership • loyalty to collective goals • children who are excluded may turn to other low-status peers with poor _______ skills.

groups, peer culture social

•The ability to classify flexibly enables school-age children to develop a more open-minded view of what males and females ****can do, but many remain intolerant of "cross-gender" acts, especially by boys •From third to sixth grade, boys tend to strengthen their identification with "___________" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "_________" traits declines •Girls are more androgynous (meaning?) than boys, experimenting with a wider range of options and more often considering traditionally male future work roles

masculine, feminine willing to engage in activities / behavior not stereotyped with gender

•School-age children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make ****_________-________ attributions • children who develop __________ __________*** often have parents who believe that their child is not very capable and must work harder than others to succeed •Mastery-oriented children seek information on how best to increase their ability through _______, whereas learned-helpless children focus on obtaining positive and avoiding negative evaluations of their fragile sense of ability •Children feel more shame after failure if they have previously received ***_________ praise rather than **_______ praise

mastery-oriented learned helplessness effort person, process

Child Sexual Abuse Characteristics of victims - reported in __________ childhood - more often _______ characteristics of abusers - usually a ________, a parent or known by parent - often deny their repsonsibility, blame victim - internet and mobile phone used to commit abuse Contexutal factors - povery - marital instability Consequences - anxiety, depression, low-self esteem - sleep disturbances, loss of apetite - promiscuity, choice of abusive partner Prevention and treatment - trauma focused therapy - prevention through eductation

middle girls male

•_*****____-____ children = regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school • The implications of self-care for development depend on children's __________ and how they spend their time • Good school performance and emotional and social adjustment is linked to: • Attending ______-______ programs with well-trained and supportive staffs, generous adult-child ratios, and skill-building activities •Low-SES children who participate in "after-care" programs offering academic assistance and enrichment activities show special benefits

self-care after-school

• Advances in moral understanding in middle childhood due to: • An expanding _____ world • the capacity to consider more information when _______ • gains in ________ perspective taking • By age 7 to 8: • children consider prosocial and antisocial intentions and the context of the behavior in making moral judgments • Cultural values also play a role

social reasoning recursive

SELF-UNDERSTANDING • During the school years, children refine their self-concept • They organize their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions and making frequent ***_______ ________ with others • Cognitive development affects the changing ___________* of the self • children combine typical experiences and behaviors into stable psychological dispositions, blend positive and negative characteristics, and compare their own characteristics with those of many peers

social comparisons structure

•School-age children are likely to explain emotion by referring to internal ________ rather than to external _________ •Between ages 6 and 12, children become more aware that people's __________ may not reflect their true feelings • Gains in emotional understanding are supported by ___________ development and ________ experiences - especially adults' sensitivity to children's feelings and willingness to discuss

states, experiences expressions cognitive, social

• Cultural values influence children's views about ________ and ________ • Attribution retraining encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more ______ and using more effective _________

success and failure effort, strategies

• Sibling rivalry tends to increase in middle childhood, as parents often compare siblings' ______s and _______________s • In response, siblings often strive to be __________ from one another • The more positive their relationship the more siblings: • resolve disagreements _______________ • provide help with family, academic, and peer challenges • contribute to _____________ in the face of major stressors

traits, accomplishments different constructively resilience

•Gender stereotyping of personality traits increases steadily in middle childhood, becoming adultlike around age ____ • Children derive gender distinctions from observing sex differences in __________ and from adult _________ • Recent research suggests that children's gender-stereotyped beliefs about academic achievement may be changing

11 behavior, treatment

Mastert Oriented: Reason for success?** Reason for failure: - ____________ factors, such as insufficient effort - seek information on how best to increase their ability through effort Learned Helplessness: Reason for success?*** Reason for failure: - _________ cannot be changed by effort - seek _________ but avoid __________ evaluations; ability no longer predictive of performance.

ability controllable external factors ability positive, negative

• •Common fears of middle childhood include: • __________ failure • physical ________ • __________ from parents • parents' health • the possibility of dying • peer __________ • Most children handle fears constructively, using ____________ ____-______ strategies • about 5 percent of school-age youngsters develop a ***_________ • Some children with phobias and other anxieties develop school refusal** •Severe childhood anxieties may arise from harsh living conditions, placing children at risk for long-term emotional distress and behavior problems

academic injuries separation rejection emotional self-regulation

• •By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-evaluations: • (1) _______ competence • (2) _______ competence • (3) ________/________ competence • (4) _________ appearance •From middle childhood on: • individual differences in self-esteem become increasingly stable • positive relationships among self-esteem, valuing of various activities, and success at those activities emerge and strengthen • *******A profile of low self-esteem in all areas is linked to anxiety, depression, and increasing antisocial behavior

academic social physical/athletic physical

•Today, more than three-fourths of U.S. single and married mothers with school age children are employed • When employed mothers remain committed to parenting, children develop favorably • Fathers in dual-earner households often take on greater child-rearing responsibilities • paternal involvement is associated with: • higher _________ • more __________ social behavior - a flexible view of gender _______

achievement mature roles

• When a divorced parent remarries or cohabits with a new partner, the parent, stepparent, and children form a ***__________, or **____________ family • The divorce rate for second marriages is higher than for first marriages • additional marital transitions create greater difficulties for children

blended, reconstituted

•Only a modest relationship exists between stressful life experiences and psychological disturbance in childhood • Four broad factors protect against maladjustment: • (1) the child's personal ___________ • (2) a warm ________ relationship • (3) an adult outside the immediate family who offers a _________ ________ • (4) ____________ resources • Often just one or a few of these ingredients account for why one child is resilient and another is not, but usually personal and environmental factors are interconnected

characteristics parental support system community

• Most interventions to help rejected children involve _________ing, __________ing, and reinforcing positive social skills • Rejected children often need help attributing their peer difficulties to internal, changeable causes • If socially incompetent behaviors originate in a poor fit between the child's _________ and parent __________, interventions directed at improving the quality of parent- child interaction may be needed

coaching, modeling temperament, practice

SELF-UNDERSTANDING •The ***content of self-concept is a product of both __________ capacities and _________ from others •Sociologist George Herbert Mead's ideas indicate that ****_________-________ skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits • As they internalize others' expectations, children form an **_______ self that they use to evaluate their real self •The content of self-concept also reflects the value a culture places on harmonious interdependence versus independence and self-assertion

cognitive, feedback prespective-taking ideal

Understanding Diversity and Inequality • __-_____ favoritism emerges first, followed by ___-______ prejudice • By early school years: - Associates power, privilege with ______ people - Acquires negative attitudes toward ________ • With age, overt prejudice declines - Focuses on inner traits - _______ prejudice may persist

in-group out-group white minorities implicit

•Mother-headed households typically experience a sharp drop in _________ • In the United States, nearly 30 percent of divorced mothers with young children live in _______ • The transition from marriage to divorce typically leads to: • high maternal stress • Depression • Anxiety • a disorganized family life - About 20 to 25 percent of children in divorced families display severe problems, compared with about 10 percent in nondivorced fam

income poverty

ERIKSON'S THEORY: INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY • According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is **________versus ________** • resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of _________ at useful ____ and _____ •Erikson's sense of industry combines: • a positive but realistic self-concept • pride in accomplishment • moral responsibility • cooperative participation with agemates

industry vs inferiority competence, tasks and skills

•When employment is stressful, children are at risk for: • ineffective ________ • poorer __________ development • increased __________ problems • In dual-earner families, the father's willingness to share _____________ is crucial • Assistance from work settings and communities, can help parents juggle the demands of work and child rearing: • part-time employment • flexible schedules • job sharing • on-site child care

parenting cognitive behavioral responsibilities

•The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is ****effective ___________ • shielding the child from family ________ and using ___________ child rearing • Regular contact with _________ is also important ****________ _______ - an increasingly common custody option - may or may not involve sharing physical custody • •All U.S. states have procedures for withholding wages from parents who fail to make child-support payment

parenting conflict, authoritative fathers joint custody

• ******________ __________ = the extent to which a child is viewed by agemates as a worthy social partner •Self-reports reveal five general categories of social acceptance: (PRCNA) • (1) _______ children • (2) _________ children • (3) __________ children • (4) __________ children • (5) __________ children.

peer acceptance popular rejected controversial neglected average

***• Only children: • have somewhat closer relationships with parents • but tend to be less well-accepted in the _______ _______s • perhaps because they have not had opportunities to learn effective _______-________ strategies through sibling interactions

peer groups conflict-resolution

PEER RELATIONS • The society of _______ becomes an increasingly important context for development in _______ ________ • The capacity for *__________ perspective taking permits more sophisticated understanding of self and others, which contributes to peer interaction • ______________ declines, especially physical attacks

peers, middle childhood recursive aggression

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT • In middle childhood, self-conscious emotions of pride and guilt become clearly governed by _________ responsibility • Pride motivates children to take on _________ • Guilt prompts them to make amends and strive for ______-_________

personal challenges self-improvement

Factors Contributing to Prejudice • Fixed view of ____________ traits • Overly high ____-_________ • Social world in which people are sorted into __________

personality self-esteem groups

• As children approach adolescence, advances in ******recursive perspective taking permit an empathic response not just to people's immediate distress but also to their general life condition (infer that the cupcake owner would understand that the helper mistakenly threw out cupcake with trash)*** • By age 10, most children shift adaptively between **** __________-centered coping and ****________-centered coping • When emotional self-regulation has developed well, school-age children acquire a sense of emotional ___-______

problem emotion self-efficacy

Categories of Peer Acceptance popular - many positive votes - popular-____social -popular - ____social rejected - many negative votes - rejected- aggressive (often ________) - rejected-withdrawn (often ________) controversial liked and disliked neglected seldom mentioned, positive or negative average average # of votes; approx 1/3 of typical classroom

prosocial antisocial bullies victimized

•United States has one of the highest divorce rates among developed nations • More than one-fourth of U.S. children live in divorced, single-parent households • most with their mothers •About 10 percent of U.S. children live with one parent and a married or cohabiting stepparent - many eventually experience the end of their parents' second marriage or cohabiting partnership •Divorce is stressful for children, but how well they fare depends on many factors: • the custodial parent's __________ health and _________ resources • the child's ______________ • the availability of social __________

psychological, financial characteristics supports

FAMILY INFLUENCES • In middle childhood, the amount of time children spend with parents declines dramatically • ___________ing is more effective with school-age children because of their greater capacity for logical thinking and increased respect for parents' expert knowledge • ***_____________ (general oversight from parent, lets child take lead on decisions) = prepares children for the greater freedom of adolescence • grows out of a warm, cooperative relationship between parent and child based on give-and-take (authoritative parenting)

reasoning coregulation

•As friendship becomes more complex and psychologically based, ________* becomes its defining feature • Children tend to select friends similar to themselves in age, sex, race, ethnicity, SES, personality, peer popularity, academic achievement, and prosocial behavior • their choices also reflect the friendship opportunities offered by their environments • High-quality friendships remain fairly stable, and friendships spanning several situations are more likely to endure

trust

•Gender identity expands to include several self-evaluations that greatly affect adjustment: • (1) gender ________ (degree to which child feels similar to others in gender) • (2) gender _________ (degree to which child feels comfortable with gender) • (3) felt pressure to ________ to gender roles (degree to which child feels society disapproves) • Experts advocate interventions that help parents and peers become more accepting of children's gender-_________ interests and behaviors (experience adjustment, anxiety disorders)

typicality contentedness conform atypical