Chapter 10 Emotional/Social Development in Early Childhood
3.5
By age _____, self-concept includes typical emotions and attitudes.
Factors Contributing to Preschoolers' Theory of Mind
Language and Verbal reasoning about mental states, executive function, make believe play, social interactions.
When should physical punishment be utilized?
When child is young and cannot understand or remember time out.
make-believe play
acting out everyday and imagiinative roles. Ages 2-6
Overregularization
applying rules to words that are exceptions (grammar dev in childhood)
Mutual exclusivity bias
assumption that words refer to entirely separate categories. (ex. kitty vs cat)
Four types of child-rearing styles
authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, permissive.
Self-esteem
judgments we make about our own worth and feelings associated with those judgments
Make-believe playe
offers a rich context for thinking about the mind (i.e. test out emotions)
guilt
overly strict superego, or conscience leading to too much guilt, related to excessive threats, criticim, punishment from adults.
by focusing on how to improve performance, not on a child's worth
parents can promote adaptive levels of pride/shame by focusin on.
parallel play
playing near other children with similar toys, not trying to influence them.
helps children to inhibit impulses and shift attention, all helping a child to manage emotions
positive affects o effortful control
Self-conscious emotions
preschoolers become sensitive to praise and blame.
Semantic bootstrapping
relying on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules (grammar dev in childhood)
Recasts
restructuring incorrect speech to correct form
Authoritarian
rigid and autocratic parenting.
Listen attentively, elaborating on what children say, modeling correct usage, stimulating to talk further
role of adults in language development in early childhood.
Executive function
several aspects of this predict false-belief mastery (i.e. inhibit impulses.
functional play
simple, repetitive, motor movements with or without objects. - up to age 2
Modeling. Operant conditiong: reinforcing good behavior is not enough to instill morality.
social learning theory.
Hovering
this kind of behavior while other children are playing is a cause for concern.
Emotional development in early childhood
ths is supported by gains in representation, language, self-concept.
nonsocial activity
unoccupied, onlooker behavior or solitary play
effortful control
vital in managing emotion in ealry childhood
Empathy
while mirroring anothers' emotions, it causes personal distress which serves as a motivation to help others.
Cooperative play
working towards a common goal (as in make-believe play)
self-evaluation
by age 3, self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to.
Associative play
engaging in separate activities, but exchanging toys/comments.
nonsocial activity, parallel play, associative play, cooperative play
four stages of PArten's process
Induction
gives kids info of how to behave that they can use in future situations, encourages empathy and sympathetic concern, which motivate prosocial behavior.
helps them be better able to judge causes/consequences of emotions, can inger how others are feeling based on their behavior, come up with ways to relieve others' negative emotion.
how does gains in emotional competence help preschoolers:
Recasts, expansions
how to support language learning
Info processing approach to social problem soliving
identification of children's processing deficits allows intervention to be tailored to meet individual needs.
peer sociability in play
In 1832, Parten proposes stages of
Difference of overlapping waves theory to info-processing approach by Crick and Dodge's
Info-processing approach is a cyclic model
attribute it to internal causes
Instead of attributing emotion to external factors, kids.
Language and verbal reasoning about mental states
L. Prefrontal cortex plays crucial role here.
emotional competence
Preschoolers gain in
Initiative vs Guild
Stage of Erickson's theory for early childhood
Self-concept
based on observable characteristics like appearance, possessions, and everyday behavior.
functional, constructive and make-believe play
cognitive play categories
Fast-mapping
connecting new words with underlying conepts after only a brief encounter (vocab dev)
social interactions
contribute to preschoolers metacognition.
constructive play
creating or constructing something. AGes 3-6
Syntactic bootstrapping
discovering word meanings by observing how wordsx are used in syntax (vocab dev)
Neglectful parenting
distant, uninterested
initiative
eagerness to try new tasks, join activities w peers, trying out new skills through play, acting out familiar scenes/highly visible occupations.
Emotional self-regulation
effortful control
expansions
elaborating on children's speech, increasing its complexity.
