chapter 10 food and agriculture

69) Afghanistan is important to the world drug trade primarily because A) it produces about 90 percent of the world's opium. B) U.S. troops consume most of the opium grown there. C) of the inability to grow maize. D) of the proximity of the Russian market for illicit drugs. E) of the desire of local farmers to fund terrorist organizations.

A

61) According to the map of world milk production, more than 100 million metric tons of milk are produced annually in A) India. B) Iraq. C) Iran. D) Bolivia. E) Mexico.

A

6) The earliest known domesticated squash crops are thought to have originated in the Americas more than A) 9,000 years ago. B) 90,000 years ago. C) 1.1 million years ago. D) 900 years ago. E) 10 million years ago.

A

40) According to the map of agricultural workers, from 20 to 49 percent of the labor force is engaged in agriculture in A) Pakistan, Iran, and Algeria. B) Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. C) Algeria, Sudan, and Ethiopia. D) Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil. E) Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.

A

41) According to the map of world rice production, between 10 and 99 million metric tons of rice are produced annually in A) Brazil, Thailand, and the United States. B) China and India. C) Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. D) Brazil, Thailand, India, Japan, and China. E) the United States, China, and India.

A

38) Unlike other forms of commercial agriculture, plantations are A) part of agribusiness. B) owned by day laborers in less developed countries. C) found primarily in less developed countries. D) situated in densely populated locations. E) found primarily in more developed countries.

C

57) Ranching is practiced in a climate region most similar to that of which other type of agriculture? A) dairying B) grain C) pastoral nomadism D) shifting cultivation E) Mediterranean agriculture

C

66) Asian agriculture is characterized by shortages of all but which of the following? A) equipment B) funds and land C) labor D) land E) funds

C

86) What is the purpose of crop rotation? A) maintaining fresh products for market B) maintaining price supports C) maintaining the fertility of fields D) responding to shifting consumer preference E) reducing transportation costs

C

70) The type of agriculture practiced near large cities, which includes producing fruits and vegetables, is called A) sawah. B) truck agriculture. C) subsistence agriculture. D) truck farming. E) truck hybridization.

D

71) Truck farming is a term that derives from the MiddleEnglish word truck, meaning A) "cart." B) "mobility" or "movement." C) "subsiding" as in "subsistence agriculture." D) "bartering" or "exchange of commodities." E) "horse" or "horse-drawn."

D

77) Which of the following is not a strategy for increasing food supply? A) expanding arable land area B) ensuring sustainable land productivity for future generations C) identifying new food sources D) increasing tariffs on grain exports E) increasing exports of surplus production

D

1) Geographers Carl Sauer and Derwent Whittlesey divided the world into ________ agricultural regions (not including his area of nonexistent agriculture). A) 11 B) 12 C) 5 D) 3 E) 16

A

10) The map of crop hearths indicates that A) yams, sorghum, coffee, and cowpeas were first domesticated in Sub-Saharan Africa. B) maize, potatoes, squash, and taro were first domesticated in Sub-Saharan Africa. C) potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and sorghum were first domesticated in Sub-Saharan Africa. D) coconuts, pigeonpeas, cowpeas, and coffee were first domesticated in Sub-Saharan Africa. E) soybeans, rice, squash, coconuts, and sorghum were first domesticated in Sub-Saharan Africa.

A

12) The map of crop hearths indicates that A) rye, lentils, olives, and oats were first domesticated in Southwest Asia. B) maize, potatoes, squash, and Lima beans were first domesticated in Southwest Asia. C) yams, sorghum, and cowpeas were first domesticated in Southwest Asia. D) coconuts, pigeonpeas, cowpeas, and coffee were first domesticated in Southwest Asia. E) mango, taro, and coconuts were first domesticated in Southwest Asia.

A

13) The map of animal hearths indicates that A) llamas, alpacas, and turkeys were domesticated in the Americas. B) animals can be raised only in and near specific hearths, owing to the limited number of climates in the world. C) pigs, goats, and sheep were domesticated in the Americas. D) chickens were domesticated in the Americas. E) horses were domesticated in the Americas.

A

16) Which is not a form of subsistence agriculture? A) Mediterranean B) shifting cultivation C) pastoral nomadism D) intensive E) All of the above are forms of subsistence agriculture.

A

19) The direction and frequency of hunter-gatherer migration depended on A) the movement of game and the seasonal growth of plants. B) the shifting of climate patterns. C) the arrival of imperial armies and other invading forces. D) each group's size and the ability to run over long distances. E) mathematical processes.

A

20) According to the map of dietary energy by source, wheat is the leading energy source in A) Pakistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. B) Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. C) Algeria, Sudan, and Ethiopia. D) Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil. E) Mexico, Canada, and the United States

A

21) According to the map of dietary energy by source, rice is the leading energy source in A) Peru, India, and Ecuador. B) Pakistan, Iran, and India. C) Algeria, Sudan, and Ethiopia. D) Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil. E) Peru, Brazil, and Mexico.

A

22) According to the map of dietary energy by source, maize is the leading energy source in A) Ethiopia, Mexico, and Guatemala. B) Ethiopia, Iran, and India. C) Ethiopia, Sudan, and South Africa. D) Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. E) Mexico, Canada, and the United States.

A

23) According to the map of protein from meat, meats provide at least 25 percent of the protein consumed in A) Brazil, Argentina, and Spain. B) Ethiopia, Iran, and India. C) Argentina, Australia, and South Africa. D) Brazil, Australia, and India. E) Brazil, Canada, and India.

A

24) Using the map of dietary energy consumption as a reference (and momentarily ignoring other cultural and economic factors), we could predict that among the following countries, those most likely to suffer an obesity epidemic in the near future would be A) the United States, Mexico, Canada, Australia, and Russia. B) the United States, Canada, Australia, Egypt, and Iraq. C) the United States, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Argentina. D) the United States, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, and Ecuador. E) the United States, Australia, China, Russia, Pakistan, and India.

A

25) According to the map of protein sources, cereals provide at least 50 percent of the protein consumed in A) Ethiopia and India. B) Ethiopia and Brazil. C) Egypt and Australia. D) Brazil and Egypt. E) Mexico and Argentina.

A

26) According to the map of income spent on food, less than 20 percent of average income is spent on food in A) Sweden, Finland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany. B) Sweden, Finland, Canada, Afghanistan, the United States, and Mexico. C) Germany, Finland, Canada, Australia, Mongolia, and Saudi Arabia. D) Canada, Australia, the United States, and Mexico. E) the United States, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil.

A

27) According to the map of income spent on food, more than 40 percent of average income is spent on food in A) Algeria, Syria, Madagascar, and Laos. B) Syria, Iraq, Laos, Mexico, and Canada. C) Syria, Malawi, Kenya, Australia, and Madagascar. D) Madagascar, Mexico, Brazil, Guatemala, Syria, and Laos. E) Laos, Cuba, Brazil, and Madagascar.

A

28) Using the map of dietary energy consumption as a reference (and momentarily ignoring other factors), we could predict that among the following countries, those most likely to suffer food shortages and/or undernourishment in the near future would be A) Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Chad. B) Kenya, Ethiopia, India, and Brazil. C) Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Yemen. D) Kenya, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. E) Bolivia, Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, and Ecuador

A

29) A choropleth map such as the map of "Income Spent on Food" might conceal details such as which of the following? A) Even in developed countries where the average person spends less than 20 percent of their income on food, inequalities of income may be great enough for many people to remain undernourished. B) In developed countries where the average person spends less than 20 percent of their income on food, the average upper-class person may spend more than 40 percent of their income on food. C) Even in developed countries where the average person spends less than 20 percent of their income on food, less food is available than in developing countries. D) Even in developing countries where the average person spends more than 40 percent of their income on food, wealthy people must also spend more than 40 percent of their income on food. E) In developed countries where the average person spends more than 40 percent of their income on food, other prices are so low that undernourishment is hardly ever a problem.

A

31) Shifting cultivation is most commonly found in which climate region? A) humid low-latitude B) dry C) warm mid-latitude D) cold mid-latitude E) highlands

A

39) According to the map of agricultural workers, more than 50 percent of the labor force is engaged in agriculture in A) Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. B) Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq. C) Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa. D) Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria. E) Chad, Libya, and Egypt.

A

42) According to the map of coffee bean production, more than 100,000 metric tons of coffee beans are harvested annually in which countries? A) Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Indonesia, and Ethiopia. B) China, Ethiopia, Colombia, and India. C) Iran, Iraq, Colombia, Brazil, and Indonesia. D) Colombia, Brazil, Thailand, India, Japan, and China. E) Colombia, the United States, Indonesia, and Ethiopia

A

5) The earliest known domesticated wheat, barley, and rice crops are thought to have originated in Asia about A) 10,000 years ago. B) 100,000 years ago. C) 1.1 million years ago. D) 1,000 years ago. E) 10 million years ago.

A

50) The decline in the number of farmers in MDCs can best be described as a consequence of A) push/pull economic factors, including the lack of opportunity in rural areas and higher-paying jobs in urban areas. B) urban sprawl, including the development of rings of suburbs and exurbs around major metropolitan areas, which required larger amounts of farm production. C) push/pull economic factors, including greater opportunities in rural areas and lower-paying jobs in urban areas. D) the increase of populations in urban areas and the reduced population in rural areas. E) the spread of disease and starvation in rural areas, which quickly reduced the populations of farmers.

A

51) The United States had about 60 percent fewer farms and ________ percent fewer farmers in 2000 than in 1900. A) 85 B) 52 C) 15 D) 25 E) 99

A

52) The number of farms in the United States declined from about 6 million in 1940 to ________ in 1980. A) 2 million B) 5.5 million C) 10 million D) 1 million E) 20,000

A

53) Which of the following is the most common form of commercial agriculture in Europe? A) mixed crop and livestock farming B) dairy farming C) grain farming D) livestock ranching E) Mediterranean agriculture

A

56) In the winter wheat area of the U.S., the crop is planted in A) autumn and harvested in summer. B) winter and harvested in spring. C) winter and harvested in autumn. D) spring and harvested in summer. E) spring and harvested in autumn.

A

58) The different areas of the world where Mediterranean agriculture predominates have similar A) climate. B) cultural beliefs. C) broad expanses of flat land along sea coasts. D) social customs. E) levels of livestock production with the mixed crop and livestock regions.

A

59) Which of the following is least likely to be produced in Mediterranean agriculture? A) butter B) fruits C) grapes D) olives E) cereals

A

62) According to the map of world milk production, less than 1 million metric tons of milk are produced annually in A) Iraq. B) India. C) Iran. D) Peru. E) Mexico

A

63) According to the map of world milk production, between 1 and 9 million metric tons of milk are produced annually in A) Iran. B) Iraq. C) Mexico. D) Libya. E) Bolivia.

A

68) Farmers in LDCs choose to grow drug crops for export primarily because of A) their market value in MDCs. B) their proximity to local markets. C) their inability to grow maize. D) their disdain for the freedoms enjoyed by developed countries. E) their desire to fund terrorist organizations.

A

72) In the United States many farms are integrated into a large food production industry. This is known as A) agribusiness. B) commercial farming. C) food processing. D) mechanized farming. E) mixed crop and livestock farming

A

73) ________ model is used by geographers to explain the importance of proximity to the market in the choice of crops to the commercial farm. A) von Thünen's B) Whittlesey's C) Iqbel's D) McKinley's E) von Helsing's

A

75) Von Thünen's model can best be used to explain the location of which of the following types of agriculture? A) dairying in the Northeast United States B) ranching in the dry lands of North Africa C) shifting cultivation in the tropics of South America D) intensive subsistence in South China E) mediterranean agriculture in central Chile

A

76) To increase crop yields, farmers in South China commonly practice A) double cropping. B) transhumance. C) threshing. D) pastoral nomadism. E) shifting cultivation.

A

78) According to the graph on the growth in human consumption of fish, in about the year 2005, the amount of fish consumed by developing countries exceeded A) 80 million metric tons. B) 20 million metric tons. C) 60 million metric tons. D) 100 million metric tons. E) 70 million metric tons.

A

79) According to the graph on the growth in human consumption of fish, in about the year 1985, the amount of fish consumed by developing countries was approximately A) 40 million metric tons. B) 35 million metric tons. C) 50 million metric tons. D) 55 million metric tons. E) 60 million metric tons.

A

8) The map of crop hearths indicates that A) maize, potatoes, squash, and peppers were first domesticated in the Americas. B) specific crops can be grown only in and near their crop hearths. C) potatoes, peppers, and sorghum were first domesticated in Europe. D) coconuts, pigeonpeas, maize, and tomatoes were first domesticated in Southeast Asia. E) soybeans, rice, squash, coconuts, and sorghum were first domesticated in East Asia.

A

80) According to the map of major world fishing regions, the northwestern Pacific Ocean annually contributes A) more than 20 million tons of aquatic catch. B) 10 to 20 million tons of aquatic catch. C) 5 to 10 million tons of aquatic catch. D) 1 to 5 million tons of aquatic catch. E) less than 1 million tons of aquatic catch.

A

81) According to the map of major world fishing regions, the Antarctic section of the Pacific Ocean annually contributes A) less than 1 million tons of aquatic catch. B) 10 to 20 million tons of aquatic catch. C) 5 to 10 million tons of aquatic catch. D) 1 to 5 million tons of aquatic catch. E) more than 20 million tons of aquatic catch

A

82) According to map of major world fishing regions, between 10 and 20 million tons of aquatic catch are taken annually from the A) northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. B) northwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean. C) southeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. D) Antarctic section of the Atlantic Ocean. E) eastern central part of the Pacific Ocean.

A

85) In Maryland, soil preservationists produced a new composite map by combining in their GIS A) soil quality, environmental, and economic maps. B) maps on soil quality and proximity to market. C) dry harvest climate, wet harvest climate, climate change, and soil maps. D) maps on habitat for endangered species. E) soil quality, environmental, and political maps.

A

89) Farming varies around the world because of ________ across space. A) cultural, economic, and environmental factors B) cultural and economic factors C) farmers' personal preference and environmental factors D) weather and climate E) climate change

A

9) The map of crop hearths indicates that A) coconuts, pigeonpeas, mango, and taro were first domesticated in Southeast Asia. B) specific crops can be grown only in and near their crop hearths. C) potatoes, peppers, and sorghum were first domesticated in Europe. D) potatoes, peppers, squash, soybeans, and rice were first domesticated in the Americas. E) soybeans, rice, squash, coconuts, and sorghum were first domesticated in East Asia.

A

17) Hunting and gathering societies A) include about 15 percent of the world's people. B) are found in isolated places in the world. C) are characterized by large concentrations of people. D) occur nearly everywhere but are especially common in Europe. E) are responsible for most of the environmental degradation of the planet.

B

30) Which type of agriculture is found primarily in less developed countries? A) Mediterranean B) plantation C) truck farming D) commercial gardening E) mechanized

B

36) Pastoral nomadism is most commonly found in which climate region? A) humid low-latitude B) dry C) warm mid-latitude D) cold mid-latitude E) polar

B

43) Judging from the map of agricultural regions, which type of agriculture occupies the largest percentage of Iran? A) mixed crop and livestock B) pastoral nomadism C) shifting cultivation D) intensive subsistence E) plantation

B

44) Judging from the map of agricultural regions, which type of agriculture occupies the largest percentage of central Africa? A) mixed crop and livestock B) shifting cultivation C) pastoral nomadism D) intensive subsistence E) plantation

B

45) Judging from the map of agricultural regions, which type of agriculture occupies the largest percentage of eastern Peru? A) mixed crop and livestock B) shifting cultivation C) pastoral nomadism D) intensive subsistence E) plantation

B

46) Judging from the map of agricultural regions, which type of agriculture occupies the largest percentage of Somalia? A) mixed crop and livestock B) pastoral nomadism C) shifting cultivation D) intensive subsistence E) plantation

B

47) Judging from the map of agricultural regions, which type of agriculture occupies the largest percentage of southeastern China? A) mixed crop and livestock B) intensive subsistence C) shifting cultivation D) pastoral nomadism E) plantation

B

55) After maize, the most important crop in the U.S. mixed crop and livestock region is A) wheat. B) soybeans. C) barley. D) fruits and vegetables. E) sugar beets.

B

67) Farmers in more developed and less developed countries share which of the following problems? A) access to fertilizers B) inadequate income C) lack of equipment D) surplus production E) the declining importance of world markets

B

74) The primary factor in von Thünen's model for choosing commercial farm products is A) land price. B) market location. C) climate. D) soil character. E) labor cost.

B

14) The map of animal hearths indicates that A) llamas, alpacas, and turkeys were domesticated in the Southwest Asia. B) cattle were domesticated in the Americas. C) pigs, goats, and sheep were domesticated in the Southwest Asia. D) chickens were domesticated in Southwest Asia. E) horses were domesticated in the Americas.

C

33) Compared to shifting cultivation, intensive subsistence agriculture is characterized by which of the following? A) smaller farms B) lower population densities C) greater use of animal power D) more diversified cropping E) greater use of land in rainforests

C

35) The most important reason why most farmers in northeast China grow crops other than wet rice is A) cultural preference. B) tradition. C) climate. D) soil. E) harvesting wet rice requires expensive machinery

C

37) The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures is A) pastoral nomadism. B) transnomadism. C) transhumance. D) practiced mostly in the tropics. E) livestock ranching.

C

32) Which type of agriculture is practiced by the largest percentage of the world's people? A) hunting and gathering B) shifting cultivation C) pastoral nomadism D) intensive subsistence E) plantation

D

49) Which of the following have aided commercial farmers in MDCs? A) transportation improvements and the rise of sea levels B) scientific advances, the reduction in the need for electronics, and C) ancient irrigation projects that can be refitted for modern farming D) transportation improvements, scientific advances, and electronics E) climate change, scientific advances, and transportation improvements

D

54) Mixing crops and livestock allows farmers to A) distribute the workload of the crops and livestock so that farmers hardly need to work during the summer season. B) generate 90 percent of their income from the sale of livestock. C) doublecrop. D) create a system where crops provide food for livestock and the livestock provide manure for crop fertilization. E) circumvent market forces that determine the prices of livestock and crops.

D

60) The predominant form of agriculture in the U.S. Southeast is A) mixed crop and livestock. B) dairy farming. C) Mediterranean agriculture. D) commercial gardening. E) plantation farming.

D

84) The best way to block Asian carp from moving into the Great Lakes from the Illinois River would be the closing of locks and dams in and near Chicago; however, these waterways are not being closed because A) Republicans in the U.S. Congress are concerned about taxes on the rich. B) as major transportation links for the region, they are important for the economy of St. Louis. C) too many Asian carp are already clogging the locks and dams and cannot be removed. D) as major transportation links for the region, they are important for Chicago's economy. E) the economies of neighboring states depend on the Chicago-area locks and dams.

D

15) The map of animal hearths indicates that A) llamas, alpacas, and turkeys were domesticated in Europe. B) cattle were domesticated in China. C) pigs, goats, and sheep were domesticated in the Americas. D) chickens were domesticated in Europe. E) horses were domesticated in Asia.

E

2) Pigs were domesticated in A) Southeast Asia. B) South America. C) Ethiopia. D) northern China. E) Southwest Asia

E

3) Potatoes were domesticated in A) Southeast Asia. B) Southwest Asia. C) Ethiopia. D) northern China. E) the Americas.

E

34) Which of the following is a typical practice in growing rice in Asia? A) preparing fields with a plow drawn by oxen B) flooding the plowed field with water C) growing seedlings in a nursery D) transplanting seedlings into the flooded field E) All of these answers are correct

E

4) Lima beans were domesticated in A) Southeast Asia. B) Southwest Asia. C) Ethiopia. D) northern China. E) the Americas.

E

64) Which statement correctly describes hunting and gathering? A) All humans began to obtain their food this way after agriculture was invented. B) It is a form of nomadism that disappeared in the late 1900s after the fall of the Soviet Union. C) This form of subsistence disappeared in the mid-1900s owing to industrialization and modernized agriculture. D) Hunter gatherers cannot live for long in groups of less than 100 people owing to the necessary division of labor. E) This form of subsistence is still practiced despite the modernization of agriculture in some areas.

E

65) Which is a characteristic of shifting cultivation? A) Land is cleared by tractors or large work crews. B) Debris is mulched to provide the soil with nutrients. C) A new site is designated every 50 years. D) Swiddens not under cultivation are used for mining operations. E) A new site is designated every few years.

E

83) According to the graph on world population and food production, by the year 2010 the world population was nearly A) 11 billion. B) 6.5 billion. C) 7.5 billion. D) 7.3 billion. E) 7 billion

E

87) A principal practice of sustainable agriculture is A) agribusiness-oriented land management. B) a "green revolution" in the use of chemicals. C) the preference for livestock over crops. D) the use of pesticide-resistant seed. E) careful land management

E

88) A major practice of sustainable agriculture is A) agribusiness. B) an increased "green revolution" use of chemicals. C) the lack of integration of crops and livestock. D) use of pesticide resistant seed. E) limited use of chemicals

E

18) As indicated by the map of agricultural regions, the largest proportion of farmers in Asia practice A) hunting and gathering. B) intensive subsistence. C) pastoral nomadism. D) shifting cultivation. E) plantation agriculture.

V