Chapter 10 History

Identify the major causes of the Renaissance that took place from the 1300s to the 1500s. Consider factors that fueled the Renaissance, humanism, and the invention of the printing press.

1. the growth of urban areas helped spur and encourage a renewal and culture (rebirth) 2. the growth of cities and trade, which greatly extended people's horizons 3. the ending and disunity from the manors and feudal systems 4. humanism by playing a major role in education and moving forward in knowledge 5. the printing press allowed humanists to spread their work as the machine was able to produce large quantities

Why is the German artist Albrecht Durer compared to the Italian Renaissance figure Leonardo da Vinci?

Albrecht Durer was compared to Leonardo da Vinci for one major reason. The reason being that he also had a wide ranging interests like Leonardo da Vinci. He also traveled to Italy to study the techniques of Leonardo da Vinci. Durer then used the new methods he learned. Like Leonardo Durer helped spread Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.

How did Calvin see predestination as a means to a Christian life?

Believed God predetermined if a person achieved salvation or not and that people were born either saints or sinners. His followers tried to live like saints, even though they believed that only those who were saved could live a true Christian life.

What did the Reformation see an increase in persecution of people of different beliefs or religions?

Europe stayed divided with a Protestant north and the Catholic south. This separation led to later conflicts that lasted for centuries, turning more political than religious

How did the theories of Copernicus and Galileo change the way people understood the universe?

He proposed the idea of a heliocentric universe and Galileo proved it by observing how the planets rotated around the sun through a telescope

How did Newton use the ideas of Plato?

He used Plato's emphasis on mathematics and reality to discover nature's laws. Gravity effects the entire universe.

What new ideas and techniques resulted in more realistic and accurate portrayals of people in Renaissance paintings?

It was Perspective because it made paintings three dimensional instead of two dimensional which made the people look more realistic

In what ways did the scientific method differ from earlier approaches to learning?

It was focused on experimentation, observation, and human experience rather than the Bible and what the Pope said.

Why did the Reformation see an increase in persecution of people of different beliefs or religions?

The increase in religious persecution was due to the fact that both Catholics and Protestants were intolerant to differing religious ideas and beliefs.

What effects did the invention of the printing press have on European society?

The printing press made it easier to produce books which helped literature. Also, there were more bibles and holy books produced so religion benefited as well. Intelligence went up as did literacy rates and ideas were able to circulate throughout Europe.

Describe how the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci related to Renaissance ideals of humanism. Did they share any common themes?

The works of both Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci enforces and spreads the idea of humanism during the Renaissance by developing new techniques and focusing more on humanism, less in religion. The painters worked on delivering a more realistic meaning and their art which reflected more on individual achievements and it wasn't all about the Church and its teachings. Both of these artists shared

What impact did Reformation ideas have on medicine?

There was a mass production of printed books (including books over human anatomy) which allowed the people more access to knowledge.

Explain the influence of the powerful merchant families who controlled the Italian city-states and how it impacted the Renaissance. Consider support for the arts during the Renaissance, and describe the growth of financial and manufacturing network.

Wealthy merchants exerted both political and economic leadership during the 1400s. For example, the Medici family stressed individual achievement and spent lavishly to support the arts; from Giovanni de Medici who established the Medici Bank, to Cosimo the Elder who founded the Platonic Academy, to Lorenzo the Magnificent who often invited artists to sketch Roman statues for the Medici garden. Their banking business prospered in Florence and expanded into manufacturing, mining, and other ventures that provided them with great power over their city for many years.

What were Luther's teachings?

people could win salvation only by faith in god's gift of forgiveness; all church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible; both the pope and church are false authorities; all people with faith are equal; people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them; rejected 5 of 7 sacraments; no indulgences, confessions, prayers to saints, or pilgrimages.

What roles did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I play in bringing the Reformation to England?

At first, Henry VIII denounced Martin Luther and the Protestant revolts but because the pope wouldn't annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church to create the Anglican Church, which granted his annulment. Many of Henry's advisers leaned toward Protestantism. When Henry died, his young son inherited the throne with devout Protestant advisers. When Elizabeth I inherited the throne after her Catholic half-sister Mary, she focused on unifying England. She enforced reforms that most Catholics and Protestants accepted. Even though she kept some Catholic traditions and ideas, Elizabeth established England as a Protestant nation.

How did Italy's trade with the Muslim world contribute to the Italian Renaissance?

Italy's trade with the Muslim world contribute to the Italian Renaissance by helping the Renaissance because it Helped the economy grow and made France one of the most prosperous countries in Europe.

Why did the sale of indulgences become a critical point of focus during the Renaissance but not during the Middle Ages?

People accepted the authority of the Church without question. Influenced by Renaissance thought, people began to look critically at questionable church practices.

How did rebellions against the Roman Catholic Church affect northern European society?

People began to question specific practices of the Church and the role and practice of religion in general, leading to the spread of Protestantism

What steps did the Catholic Church take reform and to stop the growth of Protestantism?

Pope Paul III appointed reformers to high-level positions. He set up the Council of Trent, which met off and on for about 20 years, to confirm Catholic beliefs and to challenge Protestant views. He also set stiff penalties for corruption among the clergy. In order to deal with the growth of Protestantism, Pope Paul III strengthened the Inquisition. This Church court, dating to the Middle Ages, tortured and executed Protestants for heresy.

What was the religious impact of the Reformation in Europe?

Protestant groups develop. Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church. Anti-Semitism increased and religious conflicts spread across Europe.

How did the Flemish painters Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel's realistic portrayals of townspeople and peasants reflect common themes in Renaissance art?

Both Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel's realistic portrayals of townspeople and peasants were filled with detail which added realism to their art. Realism was a common theme during the Renaissance in artists work.

How did Luther's ideas provide the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation?

Copies were able to be printed with the new technology of the printing press and distributed across Europe, stirring controversial debates and gaining supporters.

Give an example of a art and explain it

David looks as though he is about to move at any moment. The muscles are full and deliver a sense of strength; the viewer can almost imagine blood pulsing through the veins in his hands.Michelangelo is known to have studied the human body as well, which contributes to his anatomically correct figures. He even seems to have added muscle in places to try and further his portrayal of the form and the ideals of humanism. It depicts the male form in idealized perfection, and in this way, idealism and humanism work together.

Why did some consider the Anabaptist sects radical?

Gave access to information and new ideas to many people quickly.

Why was the printing press essential to the success of the Protestant Reformation?

Gave access to information and new ideas to many people quickly.

Describe the influence of Queen Elizabeth I during the Protestant Reformation in England. Explain England's religious turmoil before Elizabeth I took the throne. What were the results of the Elizabethan Settlement?

Queen Elizabeth became one of the most influential and powerful rulers of all time thanks to her intelligence. She enforced a religion compromised which unified Protestants and Catholics to end the religious turmoil. She was also the reason for England's prosperity and increase in trade and economic.

What intellectual topics did the Renaissance humanist Sir Thomas More explore?

Sir Thomas More was an English humanist. The intellectual topics that he was interested in was social and economic reforms. He was also interested in Utopian societies

What were some of the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?

Some of the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance were that it was a secular subject - nonreligious, the Renaissance changed the way people saw themselves, and it produced new attitudes toward culture and learning.

What was the impact of the Italian Renaissance in the field of architecture?

The Renaissance saw major advances in architecture, in part because of improvements in engineering technology. Renaissance architects rejected the cluttered designs of Gothic cathedrals, preferring the simple lines and arches used by the ancients. They are especially remembered for their giant domes, like those of the Duomo of Florence or St. Peter's Cathedral, which influenced later architecture like the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.

What Renaissance theme appears in Machiavelli's book THE PRINCE?

The Renaissance theme that appears in the Prince is a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power.

How does Shakespeare's play about historical figure like Julius Caesar reflect an important aspect of the Renaissance?

The Shakespeare play about Julius Caesar reflected an important aspect of the Renaissance because of humanism movement. During the Renaissance the intellectual movement known as humanism, humanist scholars studied classical Greek and Roman cultures. Caesar was a political leader in ancient Rome, so Shakespeare was bringing back a person from the time which is one thing that the humanists focused on.

How did the Reformation help spur the Scientific Revolution?

There was a mass production of books.

Explain the impact of the printing press on the Renaissance in northern Europe. Consider the impact on the piece and quantity of books, literacy rates, and exposure to new ideas. What happened to the status of cities that had printing presses?

While in 1455 there was an average of 30,00 books due to how long it took to hand-write a book which was months, by the 1500s there were over 10,000,000 books thanks to the printing press that made a 600-page book per day. The impact on the people was hugely due to the lack of knowledge and education they possessed. After this invention, people gained access to knowledge on topics such as medicine and human anatomy. It also affected the Catholic Church's influence as people learned how to read the Bible and have their own interpretation of it which lead to the questioning of certain practices and laws.