Chapter 10 homework
the process that results in water being produced as a byproduct
cellular respiration
All of the following are involved in the process of breathing EXCEPT which one?
circulatory system
In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.
combined with hemoglobin
The alveoli __________.
consist of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells
During a breathing cycle, as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles __________, the volume of the pleural cavity __________ and air moves __________ the lungs.
contract; increases; into
A low pH reduces the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, increasing the release of oxygen and its delivery to the tissues. What produces a condition of low pH in the red blood cells?
conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and release of hydrogen ions
Which of the following is a penetrating wound resulting in collapse of the lung?
pneumothorax
How does external respiration differ from internal respiration?
External respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas internal respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids.
Which of the following will happen when someone holds his or her breath?
The PCO2 will increase
Which of the following has the highest PO2?
alveolar air
In the blood, O2 is transported primarily __________, whereas CO2 is transported primarily __________.
as oxyhemoglobin; as bicarbonate in plasma
Botulism toxin interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses (action potentials) to skeletal muscles. This interferes directly with __________.
breathing
Which one of the following muscles separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
diaphragm
Which of the following is characterized by loss of elasticity in the bronchioles and permanently damaged alveoli?
emphysema
During the ingestion of food or liquid, which one of the following tips to block the opening to the trachea?
epiglottis
The exchange of gases between inhaled air and the blood is called __________.
external respiration
movement of oxygen across alveoli into the bloodstream
external respiration
Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood during internal respiration.
false
The trachea is completely surrounded by rings of cartilage, resulting in an organ that is inflexible.
false
The respiratory control center is located
in the medulla oblongata
During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to
pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases
the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation
vital capacity
Why do smokers experience a higher incidence of respiratory infection than nonsmokers?
Smoking diminishes the number and action of cilia.
By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.
acidic
Ventilation refers to the process by which
air moves into and out of the lungs
Gas exchange between inhaled air and the blood is accomplished by the __________ and the __________.
alveoli; pulmonary capillaries
Antibiotics are the preferred treatment for colds.
antibiotics
Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.
as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
exchange of air between lungs and the environment
breathing
The rate and depth of normal breathing are determined by
carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Which of the following is an inherited condition characterized by the production of abnormally thick mucus that can interfere with air flow within the lungs?
cystic fibrosis
the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond the tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to
function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation
Gases flow passively from an area of __________ pressure to an area of __________ pressure.
high; low
During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs
initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body
the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
movement of carbon dioxide from interstitial fluids into the blood
internal respiration
The bronchioles are __________.
located between the bronchi and the alveoli
Hemoglobin in the blood transports __________.
more oxygen than carbon dioxide
Which of the following lists the order of structures through which air will pass during inspiration?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
the air that remains in the lungs after a forceful axhalation
residual volume
The lungs are enclosed by a double pleural membrane. These membranes are attached to the __________ and the __________.
thoracic cavity; lung surface
the amount of air entering the lungs with every breath
tidal volume
Mucus in the nasal cavity functions to __________.
trap dust and pathogens in incoming air
The maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation is the __________.
vital capacity
Inhalation
1. air enters body 2. Rib muscles contract 3. Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
Exhalation
1. air leaves body 2. rib muscles relax 3. Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
