chapter 10 mastering a and p

Which ratio between primary neuron and secondary neuron would allow for the greatest receptive field sensitivity?

1:1

Which is a similarity between taste and smell?

Both detect chemical signals dissolved in body fluids.

Which of the following would occur if you were to surgically remove the pigmented epithelium of the retina? Choose the best answer.

Entering light would be scattered across the retina and it would be difficult to obtain a sharp image.

Which change in an olfactory sensory neuron occurs when an odorant molecule binds to a receptor?

Golf proteins are activated, which increases cAMP and opens cAMP-gated cation channels.

What is the significance of the neuronal circuit setup of the retina? Choose the best answer.

It allows for a single multipolar neuron to process the signal from hundreds of different photoreceptors.

A neuron that has responded to a stimulus causes decreased activity in neighboring neurons in which process?

Lateral inhibition

Which is a difference between hearing and equilibrium?

One is stimulated by fluid movements in the cochlea, and the other is stimulated by movements in the vestibular apparatus.

A patient has damage to the ciliary muscle which decreases muscle contraction. Which would you expect to happen?

Presbyopia

Which statement about pathways for somatic perception projection is correct?

Primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific region of the somatosensory cortex.

Where do all tertiary somatic sensory neurons terminate?

Somato sensory cortex

Which of the following of the following correctly describes how a photoreceptor responds to light?

The cell hyperpolarizes, decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter it releases.

Trauma to the spinal cord can cause a loss of function. If there is trauma to only a portion of the spinal cord, several functions can be partially lost in surprising ways. If a patient had localized trauma to the right side of her spinal cord, how would that change the fine touch and nociceptive stimuli received in her cortex?

The patient would lose fine touch from the right side and nociception from the left side below the site of the damage.

A patient had damage to the left optic tract. What would you predict to be the effect?

There would be a loss of vision from the right visual field.

Which mechanism causes hair cell depolarization as stereocilia bend in response to sound waves?

Tip links open ion channels, which causes membrane depolarization.

A patient has a vitamin A deficiency. Which special sense would be most affected?

Vision

The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus and stapes) is to

amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea.

The loudness or intensity of a sound wave is related to its

amplitude

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between hearing and equilibrium?

both respond to sound waves

Which is an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor?

cell swelling

Which of the following structure contains sensory receptors for hearing?

cochlea

Which structures monitor rotational acceleration of the head?

cristae of the semicircular canals

Opening a Na+ channel in a non-neural sensory receptor cell would cause that cell to

decrease neurotransmitter release.

A molecule that prevents substance P from binding to its receptor would

decrease the perception of pain

If a patient had damage to the oval window, which would you expect to happen?

decreased fluid waves

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

fovea

The pitch of a sound wave is related to its

frequency

Most people are not actively aware of the sensation of clothes on their body throughout the day. This lack of awareness of the stimulus of clothing on the skin is due to which process?

habituation

If you touch the dorsal part of your hand near the thumb with the tip of a pencil, you may notice the sensation of cold, even though the pencil lead is at room temperature. What is this called?

labeled line coding

Which of the following structure focuses light for clear vision?

lens

Which type of receptors are the hair cells of the ear?

mechanoreceptors

Activation of a ________ leads to the perception of pain and itch.

nociceptor

Which is an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor?

odorant molecule

The extension of the forebrain that receives odor input from the nose is the __________.

olfactory bulb

If a patient had a problem that caused increased signaling in a ganglion cell, where else would you expect increased signaling?

optic nerve

What is the subjective perception that occurs when nociceptors are stimulated?

pain

The vibration receptor whose nerve endings are surrounded by layers of connective tissue layers is the

pancinian corpuscle

Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies are mechanoreceptors that respond to the stretch in these arterial walls with changes in blood pressure. If pressure changes rapidly, the baroreceptors start a feedback mechanism that decreases blood pressure. However, if blood pressure changes slowly, as in developing hypertension, the receptors do not respond. Given this information, the baroreceptors are most likely which type of receptor?

phasic receptors

Which of the following structures is/are found in the retina?

pigment epithelium, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, photoreceptors, amacrine cells

The opening in the eye through which the light passes on to the retina is the

pupil

Which cells release ATP when ligands bind to their membrane receptors, and in which sense are these cells involved?

receptor cells; taste

A graded potential within a sensory receptor cell is a(n)

receptor potential.

Sensations of the forces of gravity and linear acceleration are detected in the

saccule and utricle.

Which structures contain receptors that detect rotation of the head?

semicircular canals

The ciliary muscle helps to control the

shape of the lens.

Which stimulus activates Ruffini corpuscles in the skin?

stretch

Vision is especially acute in the fovea and surrounding macula because of a high density of cone cells and because __________.

there are no neurons covering the cones