Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Compared to men, women tend to:

- talk about emotions more, and with greater descriptive precision - recognize subtle facial expressions of emotion better

Low Glycemic Diet

40% Fat, 40% Carb, 20% Protien

Weight/Obesity is __% Genetic

70%

Achievement Motivation

A desire to do things well and overcome obstacles

The Optimal Arousal Model

A model that focuses on internal drive states (based on research by Yerkes and Dodson, 1908)... Argues that humans are not motivated to be in situations that are either too stimulating or not stimulating enough.

Amygdala

A part of the brain that is involved in emotions by influencing aggression, anger, and fear and by providing the emotional element of our memories and the interpretation of emotional expressions in others. Pivotal role in appraisal. Specialized for noticing fear-relevant information.

Sexual Orientation

A person's inherent romantic, emotional, and sexual attraction to other people. Includes Heterosexual, Homosexual, and Bisexual.

Basic Emotions

A set of emotions that are common to all humans; they include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

Glucose

A simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain

Duchenne Smile

A smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye.

The Hierarchical model

Abraham Manslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Manslow, 1970)

Sexual Behavior

Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm

Moods

Affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions

Atkinson (1964)

Argued that the tendency to achieve success is a function of: motivation to succeed, expectation of success, and incentive value of success

Ideal BMI

BMI of 19-24

Overweight BMI

BMI of 25-29

Obese BMI

BMI of 30

Emotion

Brief, acute changes in conscious experience & physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

Flow

Concept that describes how people perform best and are most creative when they are optimally challenged relative to their abilities. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990)

Stable number of fat cells

Each year about 10% of fat cells die and are replaced by roughly the same number of new ones.

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating Disorder characterized by binge eating and perceived lack of control during the eating session. A person with this disorder regularly engages in self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating Disorder in which people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height (BMI of 16 or less), have an intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image.

Regulation

Efforts to modify emotions

Neurocultural Theory of Emotion (Ekman, 1972)

Ekman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived.

Appraisal

Evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare; Determines the type of emotion experienced.

Four Phases of Sexual Arousal (Masters and Johnson, 1966)

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution

Behavioral Changes

Facial Expressions - Universal Action (Such as coping/adapting) - Reappraisal - Expressive suppression

Broaden-and-Build Model

Fredrickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills. (Fredrickson) Negative emotions narrow our focus (Derryberry & Tucker, 1994)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Hormone that stimulates appetite; Released by the hypothalamus when an animal is hungry or underfed.

Ghrelin

Hormone that stimulates appetite; stimulates the release of dopamine and sends hunger signals to the brain; levels rise when we are hungry and drop drastically after we eat.

Leptin

Hormone that suppresses appetite; Produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain NPY.

Insulin

Hormone that suppresses appetite; produced by the pancreas; production stimulated by rising glucose levels; transports glucose out of blood and into the cells.

Affiliation Motivation

Humans are inherently social creatures; Needs to belong and be accepted.

Evolutionary Forces

Humans crave foods that are essential to our bodies but that were scarce during early periods of human evolution.

Parental Investment Theory

If pregnancy results, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women. MUCH greater for women. (Trivers, 1972)

Abraham Manslow

Introduced Hierarchy of needs; self-actualization

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1990s)

Introduced the concept of 'flow'

Display Rules

Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them.

Testosterone

Major male sex hormone that controls sex drive in men AND women.

Endocannabinoids

Marijuana-related naturally occurring neurochemicals that can also increase appetite.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises. Can have drawbacks. Reward removed = Motivation can disappear Reward stays the same/does not increase = Motivation can drop

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from within a person and includes four different elements: challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy & self-determination.

Abraham Manslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Needs range from most basic physiological necessities to highest psychological needs for growth and fulfillment. (Manslow, 1970)

Body Volume Indicator (BVI)

New measure introduced in 2017 to better determine obesity. Considers height, weight, AND mass distribution around the waistline.

Self-Conscious Emotions

Occur as a function of how well we live up to expectations of ourselves, others, and society. Includes embarrassment, guilt, humiliation, pride, and shame.

Permissive

One of three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes; Few restrictions on sex.

Semi-restrictive

One of three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes; Formal prohibitions on pre- and extramarital sex that are not strictly enforced.

Restrictive

One of three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes; restricts sex before and outside of marriage.

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain that regulates all basic physiological needs; acts as hunger's sensory detector; plays a crucial role in sexual behavior and emotion as well.

Prefrontal Cortex

Part of the brain that regulates emotions and impulse control; gives us options for response, regulation, and re-appraisal.

Ovulation

Peak sex drive

Emotion as a Process

Physiological Changes Antecedent => Appraisal => Behavioral Changes Physiological Changes

Three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes

Restrictive, Semi-restrictive, Permissive

The Psychology of what we eat

Shaped by both nature an nurture; evolutionary and cultural forces

Antecedent

Situation to which an individual is responding to emotionally.

PATHS curriculum (Promoting alternative thinking strategies program)

Socioemotional Learning (SEL) program that gives teachers a detailed curriculum for improving children's emotional awareness and regulation skills and for enhancing their social competence. Developed by Mark Greenberg and Carol Kusche (1998; 1994)

Affective Traits

Stable predispositions towards certain types of emotional responses, such as anger.

Socioemotional Learning (SEL)

Strategies taught to schoolchildren for regulating emotion in order to reduce maladaptive behavior and improve academic performance.

Affect

Term used by psychologists to refer to a variety of psychological phenomena, including emotions, moods, and affective traits.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The Optimal Arousal Model; we function best when we are moderately aroused, or energized. Both low and high arousal/energy levels lead to poor performance. (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908)

Homeostasis

The Process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium, or balance, around an optimal set point

Hunger has four biological components:

The Stomach The Blood The Brain Hormones and Neurochemicals

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathetic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others.

Subjective Experience of Emotion

The changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience.

Set Point

The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature

Self-Actualization

The inherent drive to realize one's full potential (Manslow, 1970)

Emotional Response

The physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated

The Evolutionary Model

The purpose of any living organism is to perpetuate itself. All Major Motives Involve Basic Survival & Reproductive needs and drives including hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex.

Metabolism

The rate at which we consume energy

Motivation

The urge to move towards one's goals; to accomplish tasks

Cultural Forces

We learn to like & crave foods common to our culture; frequency of exposure.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Weight / Height; a way to define obesity; not a complete measure of fitness because it does not take muscle mass into account - therefore can be misleading.

expressive suppression

a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion.

Reappraisal

an emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results

Incentive

any external object or event that motivates behavior

Perceived Organizational Support

employees' beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being; related to employee happiness, less stress, fewer missed workdays, less work tardiness, and fewer "long" lunch breaks.

Social rejection can lead to problems such as...

health problems, depression, suicide, anger, violence, aggression

Needs

inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives

Drives

the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension

The Drive Reduction Model

when our physiological systems are out of balance or depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state