Chapter 10 Review
Border Ruffians
1855: Thousands of Missourians called "Border Ruffians" came into Kansas and illegally voted in the state election. They voted in a Pro Slavery Government.
1. What were the important results of the Lincoln Douglas Debates?
1858: Senatorial debates in Illinois that became a national spectacle. Stephen Douglas: Democratic nominee nicknamed the Little Giant. He was the incumbent who was in favor of popular sovereignty.
1849 Gold Rush
California applied for statehood as a free state.
Fugitive Slave Act
Any African American accused of being a runaway was arrested and brought to a federal commissioner. A sworn statement by a white citizen station that the captive had escaped was all was needed to send a slave south. African Americans accused of being runaways had no right for a trial and could not testify. Whites who refused to testify or help were jailed. The act created hostility towards slavery in the north. Newspaper accounts of illegal seizures of African Americans made many increasingly angry.
Fort Sumter
April 1861: Lincoln plans to re supply Federal Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina. April 12, 1861: Jefferson Davis ordered in attack on Fort Sumter to remove Union troops.
Wilmot Proviso
August 1846: Democrat Representatives from Pennsylvania who proposed a new piece of legislature. Proposed that in any territory the United States gained in Mexican War "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist.
Confederate Constitution
Constitution was similar to United States, but increased states rights and allowed slavery. Jefferson Davis: Senator from Mississippi chosen the President of the Confederacy.
James Buchanan
Democrats: Nominated James Buchanan (Pennsylvania). His record showed that he favored making concessions to the south in order to preserve the Union.
Party's
Free Soil Party: Nominated Martin Van Buren, supported Wilmot Proviso. Democrats: Nominated Lewis Cass, supported Popular Sovereignty. Whig Party: Nominated Zachary Taylor who ran on his military achievements. July 1854: Republican Party was officially organized with the hope of keeping slavery from expanding. Know Nothing Party: Anti Catholic and Nativists who opposed immigration . Many joined the Republicans. Democrats: The party was torn apart over the slavery debate. Southern Democrats: Nominate John Breckinridge of Kentucky. He supported slave owner rights. Northern Democrats: Nominate Stephen Douglas of Illinois. Supports popular sovereignty. The Democratic Party and their votes will be split. Constitutional Union Party: Nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Republicans are in favor of preserving slavery for where it already existed. Nominate Abraham Lincoln of Illinois.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Author who published a book which presented slaves as real people imprisoned in a dreadful situation. Her account changed the Northern outlook of slavery. Southerners tried to have the novel banned and accused Stowe of writing falsehoods. The book sold millions of copies and swayed public opinion. Many view this as a cause of Civil War (created more tension).
John Brown
He was an extreme abolitionist who believed he was called by God to end slavery. He developed a plan to seize the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry Virginia and arm the local slaves who would attack plantations. 10/16/1859: Brown and his followers seized the arsenal but didn't receive additional help. Within 36 hours, Brown and his followers were captured by United States Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee.
Underground Railroad
Informal but well organized system that helped slaves escape to the north (1830 to 1860's) Goal: Reach the Northern States or go to Canada. Conductor: Individual who helped the slaves escape. Passenger: Slave who is attempting to escape. The railroad consisted of homes and people who used secret messages and codes that helped the runaways.
Bleeding Kansas
Kansas became the battleground for the Pro/Anti Slavery movement. Both Northern and Southern states had encouraged settlers to move into territory before they voted on slavery issue. 1855: Thousands of Missourians called "Border Ruffians" came into Kansas and illegally voted in the state election. They voted in a Pro Slavery Government. 1856: Kansas became the scene of territorial civil war. 200 deaths and $2 million in property damage.
Harriet Tubman
Most famous conductor and former slave who continually risked her life to help slaves escape. Southerners placed a bounty on her. She never caught or captured while making many visits into the south.
Lecompton Constitution
President Buchanan urged Kansas to apply for statehood. In order to apply, they needed a written Constitution. Pro Slavery Legislature wrote a constitution that legalized slavery, the Anti Slavery Legislature voted against it. Buchanan asked Congress to admit Kansas as a slave state. Passed in Senate, refused in House of Representatives. 1858: Citizens voted down the Lecompton Constitution and Kansas will not become a state until 1861.
The Compromise of 1850
President Taylor opposed Clays Compromise. Unexpectedly Taylor dies and is succeeded by Vice President Millard Fillmore who supports the compromise. Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois): He divided the large compromise into smaller bills for Senate approval. Fall 1850: Compromise was passed but not a permanent solution.
2. List and describe the major parts of the Missouri Compromise.
Problem: He realized that the Missouri Compromise would have to be replaced. Angered northerners. They also decided that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. When the Missouri Compromise was repealed, it enraged people who opposed the extension of slavery.
President Lincoln
Republican nominee who was a relatively unknown small town politician and gifted debater. He was not an abolitionist but believed slavery was morally wrong and shouldn't expand westward. Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates. Douglas supported the Dred Scott decision and said that citizens could keep slavery out of territories.
Dred Scott
Scott was an enslaved man whose owner had taken him into a free territory before returning to Missouri. Abolitionists helped Scott sue to end his involuntary servitude. The case reached the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott v. Stanford case. Ruling: South Carolina ruled against Scott because the Founding Fathers did not intend for African Americans to be citizens. They also decided that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
Stephen Douglas
Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois): He divided the large compromise into smaller bills for Senate approval. Democratic nominee nicknamed the Little Giant. Northern Democrats: Nominate Stephen Douglas of Illinois. Supports popular sovereignty.
Jefferson Davis
Senator from Mississippi chosen the President of the Confederacy. April 12, 1861: Jefferson Davis ordered in attack on Fort Sumter to remove Union troops.
Secede from the Union
Southerners viewed the election results as a mandate for secession. By February 1861: Seven states had seceded (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas). February 8, 1861: Seceding states met and declared themselves the independent nation of The Confederate States of America. Constitution was similar to United States, but increased states rights and allowed slavery. Jefferson Davis: Senator from Mississippi chosen the President of the Confederacy.
Kansas Nebraska Act
Stephen Douglas: Illinois Senator who attempts to pass the Kansas Nebraska Act through Congress. He proposed the 2 territories should be organized west of Missouri and that popular sovereignty would decide the issue of slavery, (Kansas and Nebraska). Problem: He realized that the Missouri Compromise would have to be replaced. Angered northerners. By opening this issue, he set the nation on the road to the Civil War. Act was passed by Congress in May, 1854.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Stephen Douglas: Illinois Senator who attempts to pass the Kansas Nebraska Act through Congress. He proposed the 2 territories should be organized west of Missouri and that popular sovereignty would decide the issue of slavery, (Kansas and Nebraska). Problem: He realized that the Missouri Compromise would have to be replaced. Angered northerners. By opening this issue, he set the nation on the road to the Civil War. Act was passed by Congress in May, 1854.
Popular Sovereignty
The slavery issue had divided the country along sectional lines (North against south). Popular Sovereignty: Idea where the citizens of each new territory would decide to permit slavery or not. Proposed by Michigan senator Lewis Cass. Many members of congress liked the idea because it removed the slavery question from national politics (Democratic Process).