Chapter 10 Review

Chattel Slavery

A form of slavery in which one person owns another person

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a country; can be used to compare one country's inequality to another's

Global Feminization of Poverty

A pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

Subjective Poverty

A state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations

Second World

A term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

First World

A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

Third World

A term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

Modernization Theory

A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

Dependency Theory

A theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations

Underground Economy

An unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

Core Nations

Dominant capitalist countries

Semi-peripheral Nations

In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

Peripheral Nations

Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

Debt Bondage

The act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

Debt Accumulation

The buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

Global Inequality

The concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

Gross National Income (GNI)

The income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

Deindustrialization

The loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

Capital Flight

The movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

Relative Poverty

The state of poverty where one is unable to live in the lifestyle of the average person in the country

Extreme Poverty

The state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

Global Stratification

The unequal distribution of resources between countries

Fourth World

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure. a. functional b. conflict c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist

a. Functional

Slavery in the pre-Civil War U.S. South most closely resembled a. chattel slavery b. debt bondage c. relative poverty d. peonage

a. chattel slavery

If a sociologist says that nations evolve toward more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using ___ theory to study the global economy. a. modernization theory b. dependency theory c. modern dependency theory d. evolutionary dependency theory

a. modernization theory

A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy. a. functional b. conflict theory c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist

b. Conflict Theory

France might be classified as which kind of nation? a. Global b. Core c. Semi-peripheral d. Peripheral

b. Core

Faith has a full-time job and two children. She has enough money for the basics and can pay her rent each month, but she feels that, with her education and experience, her income should be enough for her family to live much better than they do. Faith is experiencing: a. global poverty b. subjective poverty c. absolute poverty d. relative poverty

b. Subjective poverty

Maya is a twelve-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless, and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in ___ poverty. a. subjective b. absolute c. relative d. global

b. absolute

If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a: a. functionalist b. dependency theorist c. modernization theorist d. symbolic interactionist

b. dependency theorist

In the past, the United States manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their U.S. factories and relocated to China. This is an example of: a. conflict theory b. OECD c. global inequality d. capital flight

d. capital flight

Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that: a. core nations and peripheral nations exploit semi-peripheral nations b. semi-peripheral nations exploit core nations c. peripheral nations exploit core nations d. core nations exploit peripheral nations

d. core nations exploit peripheral nations

Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in: a. global poverty b. absolute poverty c. subjective poverty d. relative poverty

d. relative poverty

One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize ___. a. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations b. that previously high-income nations such as China have been economically overpowered by low-income nations entering the global marketplace c. that countries such as China are growing more dependent on core nations d. that countries such as China do not necessarily want to be more like core nations

a. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations

In a U.S. town, a mining company owns all the stores and most of the houses. It sells goods to the workers at inflated prices, offers house rentals for twice what a mortgage would be, and makes sure to always pay the workers less than needed to cover food and rent. Once the workers are in debt, they have no choice but to continue working for the company, since their skills will not transfer to a new position. This situation most closely resembles: a. child slavery b. chattel slavery c. debt slavery d. servile marriage

c. debt slavery

One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize ___. a. that semi-peripheral nations are incapable of industrializing b. that peripheral nations prevent semi-peripheral nations from entering the global market c. its inherent ethnocentric bias d. the importance of semi-peripheral nations industrializing

c. its inherent ethnocentric bias

A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would: a. study how inequality is created and reproduced b. study how corporations can improve the lives of their low-income workers c. try to understand how companies provide an advantage to high-income nations compared to low-income nations d. want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis

d. want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis