Chapter 11
Conflicts between two mutually exclusive projects occasionally occur, where the NPV method ranks one project higher but the IRR method puts the other one first. In theory, such conflicts should be resolved in favor of the project with the higher IRR. a. True b. False
False
Other things held constant, an increase in the cost of capital will result in a decrease in a project's IRR. a. True b. False
False
The NPV and IRR methods, when used to evaluate two equally risky but mutually exclusive projects, will lead to different accept/reject decisions and thus capital budgets if the cost of capital at which the projects' NPV profiles cross is greater than the crossover rate. a. True b. False
False
Both the regular and the modified IRR (MIRR) methods have wide appeal to professors, but most business executives prefer the NPV method to either of the IRR methods. a. True b. False
False
Taggart Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's payback? Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$925 $500 $500 $500 a. 1.85 years b. 1.42 years c. 1.96 years d. 2.29 years e. 1.79 years
a. 1.85 years
A conflict will exist between the NPV and IRR methods, when used to evaluate two equally risky but mutually exclusive projects, if the projects' cost of capital is less than the rate at which the projects' NPV profiles cross. a. True b. False
True
Conflicts between two mutually exclusive projects occasionally occur, where the NPV method ranks one project higher but the IRR method puts the other one first. In theory, such conflicts should be resolved in favor of the project with the higher NPV. a. True b. False
True
For a project with one initial cash outflow followed by a series of positive cash inflows, the modified IRR (MIRR) method involves compounding the cash inflows out to the end of the project's life, summing those compounded cash flows to form a terminal value (TV), and then finding the discount rate that causes the PV of the TV to equal the project's cost. a. True b. False
True
In theory, capital budgeting decisions should depend solely on forecasted cash flows and the opportunity cost of capital. The decision criterion should not be affected by managers' tastes, choice of accounting method, or the profitability of other independent projects. a. True b. False
True
One advantage of the payback method for evaluating potential investments is that it provides information about a project's liquidity and risk. a. True b. False
True
Project S has a pattern of high cash flows in its early life, while Project L has a longer life, with large cash flows late in its life. Neither has negative cash flows after Year 0, and at the current cost of capital, the two projects have identical NPVs. Now suppose interest rates and money costs decline. Other things held constant, this change will cause L to become preferred to S. a. True b. False
True
The internal rate of return is that discount rate that equates the present value of the cash outflows (or costs) with the present value of the cash inflows. a. True b. False
True
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. A project's regular IRR is found by compounding the initial cost at the WACC to find the terminal value (TV), then discounting the TV at the WACC. b. A project's regular IRR is found by compounding the cash inflows at the WACC to find the present value (PV), then discounting the TV to find the IRR. c. If a project's IRR is smaller than the WACC, then its NPV will be positive. d. A project's IRR is the discount rate that causes the PV of the inflows to equal the project's cost. e. If a project's IRR is positive, then its NPV must also be positive.
d. A project's IRR is the discount rate that causes the PV of the inflows to equal the project's cost.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. If a project with normal cash flows has an IRR greater than the WACC, the project must also have a positive NPV. b. If Project A's IRR exceeds Project B's, then A must have the higher NPV. c. A project's MIRR can never exceed its IRR. d. If a project with normal cash flows has an IRR less than the WACC, the project must have a positive NPV. e. If the NPV is negative, the IRR must also be negative.
a. If a project with normal cash flows has an IRR greater than the WACC, the project must also have a positive NPV.
Harry's Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's NPV? Note that if a project's projected NPV is negative, it should be rejected. WACC: 13.25% Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash flows -$1,000 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 a. 52.18 b. 49.25 c. 48.76 d. 41.45 e. 55.10
c. 48.76
Resnick Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's payback? Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$400 $200 $200 $200 a. 2.16 years b. 2.28 years c. 2.02 years d. 2.12 years e. 2.00 years
e. 2.00 years
The NPV method is based on the assumption that projects' cash flows are reinvested at the project's risk-adjusted cost of capital. a. True b. False
True
Barry Company is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's NPV? Note that a project's projected NPV can be negative, in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 10.25% Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash flows -$1,100 $400 $390 $380 $370 $360 a. $338.67 b. $399.63 c. $301.41 d. $274.32 e. $413.17
a. $338.67
Last month, Lloyd's Systems analyzed the project whose cash flows are shown below. However, before the decision to accept or reject the project, the Federal Reserve took actions that changed interest rates and therefore the firm's WACC. The Fed's action did not affect the forecasted cash flows. By how much did the change in the WACC affect the project's forecasted NPV? Note that a project's projected NPV can be negative, in which case it should be rejected. Old WACC: 10.00% New WACC: 8.00% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$1,000 $410 $410 $410 a. $37.00 b. $38.48 c. $32.19 d. $40.70 e. $44.03
a. $37.00
Ehrmann Data Systems is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's MIRR? Note that a project's projected MIRR can be less than the WACC (and even negative), in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 9.75% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$1,000 $450 $450 $450 a. 14.11% b. 15.52% c. 15.81% d. 10.72% e. 17.22%
a. 14.11%
Susmel Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's payback? Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$500 $150 $200 $300 a. 2.50 years b. 1.90 years c. 2.63 years d. 1.93 years e. 2.40 years
a. 2.50 years
Thorley Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's IRR? Note that a project's projected IRR can be less than the WACC or negative, in both cases it will be rejected. Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash flows -$1,500 $325 $325 $325 $325 $325 a. 2.73% b. 2.87% c. 2.13% d. 2.95% e. 2.46%
a. 2.73%
Projects S and L are equally risky, mutually exclusive, and have normal cash flows. Project S has an IRR of 15%, while Project L's IRR is 12%. The two projects have the same NPV when the WACC is 7%. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. If the WACC is 10%, both projects will have positive NPVs. b. If the WACC is 6%, Project S will have the higher NPV. c. If the WACC is 13%, Project S will have the lower NPV. d. If the WACC is 10%, both projects will have a negative NPV. e. Project S's NPV is more sensitive to changes in WACC than Project L's.
a. If the WACC is 10%, both projects will have positive NPVs.
Warr Company is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's IRR? Note that a project's projected IRR can be less than the WACC or negative, in both cases it will be rejected. Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$1,415 $400 $400 $400 $400 a. 3.98% b. 5.00% c. 5.10% d. 5.61% e. 6.33%
c. 5.10%
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. A project's MIRR is always greater than its regular IRR. b. A project's MIRR is always less than its regular IRR. c. If a project's IRR is greater than its WACC, then the MIRR will be less than the IRR. d. If a project's IRR is greater than its WACC, then the MIRR will be greater than the IRR. e. To find a project's MIRR, we compound cash inflows at the IRR and then discount the terminal value back to t = 0 at the WACC.
c. If a project's IRR is greater than its WACC, then the MIRR will be less than the IRR.
Fernando Designs is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's discounted payback? WACC: 10.00% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$750 $500 $500 $500 a. 1.53 years b. 1.29 years c. 1.56 years d. 1.72 years e. 1.61 years
d. 1.72 years
Maxwell Feed & Seed is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's IRR? Note that a project's projected IRR can be less than the WACC (and even negative), in which case it will be rejected. Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash flows -$6,250 $2,000 $2,025 $2,050 $2,075 $2,100 a. 18.18% b. 23.11% c. 17.62% d. 18.94% e. 14.40%
d. 18.94%
Projects S and L both have normal cash flows, and the projects have the same risk, hence both are evaluated with the same WACC, 10%. However, S has a higher IRR than L. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Project S must have a higher NPV than Project L. b. If Project S has a positive NPV, Project L must also have a positive NPV. c. If the WACC falls, each project's IRR will increase. d. If the WACC increases, each project's IRR will decrease. e. If Projects S and L have the same NPV at the current WACC, 10%, then Project L, the one with the lower IRR, would have a higher NPV if the WACC used to evaluate the projects declined.
e. If Projects S and L have the same NPV at the current WACC, 10%, then Project L, the one with the lower IRR, would have a higher NPV if the WACC used to evaluate the projects declined.
Small businesses make less use of DCF capital budgeting techniques than large businesses. This may reflect a lack of knowledge on the part of small firms' managers, but it may also reflect a rational conclusion that the costs of using DCF analysis outweigh the benefits of these methods for very small firms. a. True b. False
True
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the IRR. b. The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the risk-free rate, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the IRR. c. The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the risk-free rate. d. The NPV method does not consider all relevant cash flows, particularly cash flows beyond the payback period. e. The IRR method does not consider all relevant cash flows, particularly cash flows beyond the payback period.
a. The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the IRR.
Moerdyk & Co. is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. If the decision is made by choosing the project with the higher IRR, how much value will be forgone? Note that under certain conditions choosing projects on the basis of the IRR will not cause any value to be lost because the one with the higher IRR will also have the higher NPV, i.e., no conflict will exist. WACC: 7.75% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$1,025 $650 $450 $250 $50 CFL -$1,025 $100 $300 $500 $700 a. $35.63 b. $42.42 c. $40.30 d. $50.06 e. $52.18
b. $42.42
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. One advantage of the NPV over the IRR is that NPV takes account of cash flows over a project's full life whereas IRR does not. b. One advantage of the NPV over the IRR is that NPV assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, whereas IRR assumes that cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. The NPV assumption is generally more appropriate. c. One advantage of the NPV over the MIRR method is that NPV takes account of cash flows over a project's full life whereas MIRR does not. d. One advantage of the NPV over the MIRR method is that NPV discounts cash flows whereas the MIRR is based on undiscounted cash flows. e. Since cash flows under the IRR and MIRR are both discounted at the same rate (the WACC), these two methods always rank mutually exclusive projects in the same order.
b. One advantage of the NPV over the IRR is that NPV assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, whereas IRR assumes that cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. The NPV assumption is generally more appropriate.
Noe Drilling Inc. is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. The CEO believes the IRR is the best selection criterion, while the CFO advocates the MIRR. If the decision is made by choosing the project with the higher IRR rather than the one with the higher MIRR, how much, if any, value will be forgone, i.e., what's the NPV of the chosen project versus the maximum possible NPV? Note that (1) "true value" is measured by NPV, and (2) under some conditions the choice of IRR vs. MIRR will have no effect on the value lost. WACC: 9.00% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$1,100 $550 $600 $100 $100 CFL -$2,750 $725 $725 $800 $1,400 a. $92.69 b. $62.57 c. $0.00 d. $95.01 e. $78.79
c. $0.00
Nast Inc. is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. If the decision is made by choosing the project with the higher MIRR rather than the one with the higher NPV, how much value will be forgone? Note that under some conditions choosing projects on the basis of the MIRR will cause $0.00 value to be lost. WACC: 9.00% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$1,100 $375 $375 $375 $375 CFL -$2,200 $725 $725 $725 $725 a. $34.24 b. $26.78 c. $33.90 d. $27.80 e. $25.77
c. $33.90
Hindelang Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's MIRR? Note that a project's projected MIRR can be less than the WACC (and even negative), in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 11.50% Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$850 $300 $320 $340 $360 a. 19.67% b. 17.23% c. 16.26% d. 15.77% e. 16.91%
c. 16.26%
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that all projects being considered have normal cash flows and are equally risky. a. If a project's IRR is equal to its WACC, then, under all reasonable conditions, the project's NPV must be negative. b. If a project's IRR is equal to its WACC, then under all reasonable conditions, the project's IRR must be negative. c. If a project's IRR is equal to its WACC, then under all reasonable conditions the project's NPV must be zero. d. There is no necessary relationship between a project's IRR, its WACC, and its NPV. e. When evaluating mutually exclusive projects, those projects with relatively long lives will tend to have relatively high NPVs when the cost of capital is relatively high.
c. If a project's IRR is equal to its WACC, then under all reasonable conditions the project's NPV must be zero.
Anderson Systems is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's NPV? Note that if a project's projected NPV is negative, it should be rejected. WACC: 12.50% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$1,000 $500 $500 $500 a. 209.74 b. 165.88 c. 184.95 d. 190.67 e. 188.77
d. 190.67
Mansi Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's payback? Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$650 $300 $325 $350 a. 1.80 years b. 1.78 years c. 1.95 years d. 2.07 years e. 1.66 years
d. 2.07 years
Stern Associates is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's payback? Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash flows -$1,000 $300 $310 $320 $330 $340 a. 2.89 years b. 2.92 years c. 3.40 years d. 3.21 years e. 3.92 years
d. 3.21 years
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. An NPV profile graph shows how a project's payback varies as the cost of capital changes. b. The NPV profile graph for a normal project will generally have a positive (upward) slope as the life of the project increases. c. An NPV profile graph is designed to give decision makers an idea about how a project's risk varies with its life. d. An NPV profile graph is designed to give decision makers an idea about how a project's contribution to the firm's value varies with the cost of capital. e. We cannot draw a project's NPV profile unless we know the appropriate WACC for use in evaluating the project's NPV.
d. An NPV profile graph is designed to give decision makers an idea about how a project's contribution to the firm's value varies with the cost of capital.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. A project's regular IRR is found by compounding the cash inflows at the WACC to find the terminal value (TV), then discounting this TV at the WACC. b. A project's regular IRR is found by discounting the cash inflows at the WACC to find the present value (PV), then compounding this PV to find the IRR. c. If a project's IRR is greater than the WACC, then its NPV must be negative. d. To find a project's IRR, we must solve for the discount rate that causes the PV of the inflows to equal the PV of the project's costs. e. To find a project's IRR, we must find a discount rate that is equal to the WACC.
d. To find a project's IRR, we must solve for the discount rate that causes the PV of the inflows to equal the PV of the project's costs.
Datta Computer Systems is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's IRR? Note that a project's projected IRR can be less than the WACC (and even negative), in which case it will be rejected. Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$1,250 $450 $470 $490 a. 5.01% b. 5.50% c. 5.99% d. 6.67% e. 6.18%
e. 6.18%
Tuttle Enterprises is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's NPV? Note that if a project's projected NPV is negative, it should be rejected. WACC: 14.50% Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$1,000 $350 $350 $350 $350 a. 8.11 b. 11.42 c. 8.77 d. 9.91 e. 9.43
e. 9.43
Suppose a firm relies exclusively on the payback method when making capital budgeting decisions, and it sets a 4-year payback regardless of economic conditions. Other things held constant, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a. It will accept too many short-term projects and reject too many long-term projects (as judged by the NPV). b. It will accept too many long-term projects and reject too many short-term projects (as judged by the NPV). c. The firm will accept too many projects in all economic states because a 4-year payback is too low. d. The firm will accept too few projects in all economic states because a 4-year payback is too high. e. If the 4-year payback results in accepting just the right set of projects under average economic conditions, then this payback will result in too few long-term projects when the economy is weak.
e. If the 4-year payback results in accepting just the right set of projects under average economic conditions, then this payback will result in too few long-term projects when the economy is weak.
A basic rule in capital budgeting is that if a project's NPV exceeds its IRR, then the project should be accepted. a. True b. False
False
A firm should never accept a project if its acceptance would lead to an increase in the firm's cost of capital (its WACC). a. True b. False
False
An increase in the firm's WACC will decrease projects' NPVs, which could change the accept/reject decision for any potential project. However, such a change would have no impact on projects' IRRs. Therefore, the accept/reject decision under the IRR method is independent of the cost of capital. a. True b. False
False
Because "present value" refers to the value of cash flows that occur at different points in time, a series of present values of cash flows should not be summed to determine the value of a capital budgeting project. a. True b. False
False
If the IRR of normal Project X is greater than the IRR of mutually exclusive (and also normal) Project Y, we can conclude that the firm should always select X rather than Y if X has NPV > 0. a. True b. False
False
If you were evaluating two mutually exclusive projects for a firm with a zero cost of capital, the payback method and NPV method would always lead to the same decision on which project to undertake. a. True b. False
False
The IRR of normal Project X is greater than the IRR of normal Project Y, and both IRRs are greater than zero. Also, the NPV of X is greater than the NPV of Y at the cost of capital. If the two projects are mutually exclusive, Project X should definitely be selected, and the investment made, provided we have confidence in the data. Put another way, it is impossible to draw NPV profiles that would suggest not accepting Project X. a. True b. False
False
The primary reason that the NPV method is conceptually superior to the IRR method for evaluating mutually exclusive investments is that multiple IRRs may exist, and when that happens, we don't know which IRR is relevant. a. True b. False
False
The NPV method's assumption that cash inflows are reinvested at the cost of capital is generally more reasonable than the IRR's assumption that cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. This is an important reason why the NPV method is generally preferred over the IRR method. a. True b. False
True
Sexton Inc. is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. If the decision is made by choosing the project with the higher IRR, how much value will be forgone? Note that under certain conditions choosing projects on the basis of the IRR will not cause any value to be lost because the one with the higher IRR will also have the higher NPV, so no value will be lost if the IRR method is used. WACC: 10.25% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$2,050 $750 $760 $770 $780 CFL -$4,300 $1,500 $1,518 $1,536 $1,554 a. $149.36 b. $185.20 c. $132.93 d. $186.69 e. $129.94
a. $149.36
Kosovski Company is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and are not repeatable. If the decision is made by choosing the project with the higher IRR, how much value will be forgone? Note that under some conditions choosing projects on the basis of the IRR will cause $0.00 value to be lost. WACC: 6.25% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$1,050 $675 $650 CFL -$1,050 $360 $360 $360 $360 a. $29.26 b. $23.11 c. $32.18 d. $32.77 e. $25.45
a. $29.26
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The IRR method appeals to some managers because it gives an estimate of the rate of return on projects rather than a dollar amount, which the NPV method provides. b. The discounted payback method eliminates all of the problems associated with the payback method. c. When evaluating independent projects, the NPV and IRR methods often yield conflicting results regarding a project's acceptability. d. To find the MIRR, we discount the TV at the IRR. e. A project's NPV profile must intersect the X-axis at the project's WACC.
a. The IRR method appeals to some managers because it gives an estimate of the rate of return on projects rather than a dollar amount, which the NPV method provides.
Jazz World Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's NPV? Note that a project's projected NPV can be negative, in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 12.00% Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$1,200 $400 $425 $450 $475 a. $119.30 b. $118.12 c. $113.40 d. $121.67 e. $135.84
b. $118.12
Cornell Enterprises is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's NPV? Note that a project's projected NPV can be negative, in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 10.00% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$825 $450 $460 $470 a. $269.77 b. $317.37 c. $377.68 d. $339.59 e. $345.94
b. $317.37
Yonan Inc. is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. If the decision is made by choosing the project with the shorter payback, some value may be forgone. How much value will be lost in this instance? Note that under some conditions choosing projects on the basis of the shorter payback will not cause value to be lost. WACC: 10.00% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$950 $500 $800 $0 $0 CFL -$2,100 $400 $800 $800 $1,000 a. $35.82 b. $43.16 c. $53.08 d. $51.36 e. $38.41
b. $43.16
A firm is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. The CEO wants to use the IRR criterion, while the CFO favors the NPV method. You were hired to advise the firm on the best procedure. If the wrong decision criterion is used, how much potential value would the firm lose? WACC: 11.75% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$1,025 $380 $380 $380 $380 CFL -$2,150 $765 $765 $765 $765 a. $45.51 b. $50.56 c. $62.70 d. $57.64 e. $45.00
b. $50.56
Masulis Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's discounted payback? WACC: 10.00% Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$1,300 $525 $485 $445 $405 a. 2.62 years b. 3.32 years c. 2.75 years d. 3.42 years e. 3.05 years
b. 3.32 years
Assume a project has normal cash flows. All else equal, which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. A project's IRR increases as the WACC declines. b. A project's NPV increases as the WACC declines. c. A project's MIRR is unaffected by changes in the WACC. d. A project's regular payback increases as the WACC declines. e. A project's discounted payback increases as the WACC declines.
b. A project's NPV increases as the WACC declines.
You are considering two mutually exclusive, equally risky, projects. Both have IRRs that exceed the WACC. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the projects have normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. If the two projects' NPV profiles do not cross, then there will be a sharp conflict as to which one should be selected. b. If the cost of capital is greater than the crossover rate, then the IRR and the NPV criteria will not result in a conflict between the projects. One project will rank higher by both criteria. c. If the cost of capital is less than the crossover rate, then the IRR and the NPV criteria will not result in a conflict between the projects. One project will rank higher by both criteria. d. For a conflict to exist between NPV and IRR, the initial investment cost of one project must exceed the cost of the other. e. For a conflict to exist between NPV and IRR, one project must have an increasing stream of cash flows over time while the other has a decreasing stream. If both sets of cash flows are increasing or decreasing, then it would be impossible for a conflict to exist, even if one project is larger than the other.
b. If the cost of capital is greater than the crossover rate, then the IRR and the NPV criteria will not result in a conflict between the projects. One project will rank higher by both criteria.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The shorter a project's payback period, the less desirable the project is normally considered to be by this criterion. b. One drawback of the payback criterion is that this method does not take account of cash flows beyond the payback period. c. If a project's payback is positive, then the project should be accepted because it must have a positive NPV. d. The regular payback ignores cash flows beyond the payback period, but the discounted payback method overcomes this problem. e. One drawback of the discounted payback is that this method does not consider the time value of money, while the regular payback overcomes this drawback.
b. One drawback of the payback criterion is that this method does not take account of cash flows beyond the payback period.
Projects S and L both have an initial cost of $10,000, followed by a series of positive cash inflows. Project S's undiscounted net cash flows total $20,000, while L's total undiscounted flows are $30,000. At a WACC of 10%, the two projects have identical NPVs. Which project's NPV is more sensitive to changes in the WACC? a. Project S. b. Project L. c. Both projects are equally sensitive to changes in the WACC since their NPVs are equal at all costs of capital. d. Neither project is sensitive to changes in the discount rate, since both have NPV profiles that are horizontal. e. The solution cannot be determined because the problem gives us no information that can be used to determine the projects' relative IRRs.
b. Project L.
Tesar Chemicals is considering Projects S and L, whose cash flows are shown below. These projects are mutually exclusive, equally risky, and not repeatable. The CEO believes the IRR is the best selection criterion, while the CFO advocates the NPV. If the decision is made by choosing the project with the higher IRR rather than the one with the higher NPV, how much, if any, value will be forgone, i.e., what's the chosen NPV versus the maximum possible NPV? Note that (1) "true value" is measured by NPV, and (2) under some conditions the choice of IRR vs. NPV will have no effect on the value gained or lost. WACC: 8.75% 0 1 2 3 4 CFS -$1,100 $550 $600 $100 $100 CFL -$2,700 $650 $725 $800 $1,400 a. $79.93 b. $70.65 c. $71.36 d. $88.49 e. $68.51
c. $71.36
Ingram Electric Products is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's MIRR? Note that a project's projected MIRR can be less than the WACC (and even negative), in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 9.75% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$800 $350 $350 $350 a. 11.48% b. 10.57% c. 13.05% d. 15.00% e. 14.35%
c. 13.05%
Warnock Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's NPV? Note that a project's projected NPV can be negative, in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 10.00% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$1,050 $500 $400 $300 a. -$42.25 b. -$30.01 c. -$34.35 d. -$48.96 e. -$39.48
e. -$39.48
Malholtra Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's MIRR? Note that a project's projected MIRR can be less than the WACC (and even negative), in which case it will be rejected. WACC: 10.00% Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$975 $300 $320 $340 $360 a. 13.04% b. 9.16% c. 14.10% d. 11.98% e. 11.75%
e. 11.75%
Simms Corp. is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's IRR? Note that a project's projected IRR can be less than the WACC or negative, in both cases it will be rejected. Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$1,125 $425 $425 $425 a. 4.96% b. 5.81% c. 7.12% d. 6.14% e. 6.53%
e. 6.53%
Assuming that their NPVs based on the firm's cost of capital are equal, the NPV of a project whose cash flows accrue relatively rapidly will be more sensitive to changes in the discount rate than the NPV of a project whose cash flows come in later in its life. a. True b. False
False
Normal Projects S and L have the same NPV when the discount rate is zero. However, Project S's cash flows come in faster than those of L. Therefore, we know that at any discount rate greater than zero, L will have the higher NPV. a. True b. False
False
The IRR method is based on the assumption that projects' cash flows are reinvested at the project's risk-adjusted cost of capital. a. True b. False
False
The NPV and IRR methods, when used to evaluate two independent and equally risky projects, will lead to different accept/reject decisions and thus capital budgets if the projects' IRRs are greater than their costs of capital. a. True b. False
False
The phenomenon called "multiple internal rates of return" arises when two or more mutually exclusive projects that have different lives are being compared. a. True b. False
False
The regular payback method is deficient in that it does not take account of cash flows beyond the payback period. The discounted payback method corrects this fault. a. True b. False
False
When considering two mutually exclusive projects, the firm should always select the project whose internal rate of return is the highest, provided the projects have the same initial cost. This statement is true regardless of whether the projects can be repeated or not. a. True b. False
False
When evaluating mutually exclusive projects, the modified IRR (MIRR) always leads to the same capital budgeting decisions as the NPV method, regardless of the relative lives or sizes of the projects being evaluated. a. True b. False
False
Under certain conditions, a project may have more than one IRR. One such condition is when, in addition to the initial investment at time = 0, a negative cash flow (or cost) occurs at the end of the project's life. a. True b. False
True
Projects A and B have identical expected lives and identical initial cash outflows (costs). However, most of one project's cash flows come in the early years, while most of the other project's cash flows occur in the later years. The two NPV profiles are given below: Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. More of Project A's cash flows occur in the later years. b. More of Project B's cash flows occur in the later years. c. We must have information on the cost of capital in order to determine which project has the larger early cash flows. d. The NPV profile graph is inconsistent with the statement made in the problem. e. The crossover rate, i.e., the rate at which Projects A and B have the same NPV, is greater than either project's IRR.
a. More of Project A's cash flows occur in the later years.
Projects C and D are mutually exclusive and have normal cash flows. Project C has a higher NPV if the WACC is less than 12%, whereas Project D has a higher NPV if the WACC exceeds 12%. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Project D probably has a higher IRR. b. Project D is probably larger in scale than Project C. c. Project C probably has a faster payback. d. Project C probably has a higher IRR. e. The crossover rate between the two projects is below 12%.
a. Project D probably has a higher IRR.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Projects with "normal" cash flows can have only one real IRR. b. Projects with "normal" cash flows can have two or more real IRRs. c. Projects with "normal" cash flows must have two changes in the sign of the cash flows, e.g., from negative to positive to negative. If there are more than two sign changes, then the cash flow stream is "nonnormal." d. The "multiple IRR problem" can arise if a project's cash flows are "normal." e. Projects with "nonnormal" cash flows are almost never encountered in the real world.
a. Projects with "normal" cash flows can have only one real IRR.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. The longer a project's payback period, the more desirable the project is normally considered to be by this criterion. b. One drawback of the payback criterion for evaluating projects is that this method does not properly account for the time value of money. c. If a project's payback is positive, then the project should be rejected because it must have a negative NPV. d. The regular payback ignores cash flows beyond the payback period, but the discounted payback method overcomes this problem. e. If a company uses the same payback requirement to evaluate all projects, say it requires a payback of 4 years or less, then the company will tend to reject projects with relatively short lives and accept long-lived projects, and this will cause its risk to increase over time.
b. One drawback of the payback criterion for evaluating projects is that this method does not properly account for the time value of money.
Project X's IRR is 19% and Project Y's IRR is 17%. The projects have the same risk and the same lives, and each has constant cash flows during each year of their lives. If the WACC is 10%, Project Y has a higher NPV than X. Given this information, which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The crossover rate must be less than 10%. b. The crossover rate must be greater than 10%. c. If the WACC is 8%, Project X will have the higher NPV. d. If the WACC is 18%, Project Y will have the higher NPV. e. Project X is larger in the sense that it has the higher initial cost.
b. The crossover rate must be greater than 10%.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. A project's NPV is generally found by compounding the cash inflows at the WACC to find the terminal value (TV), then discounting the TV at the IRR to find its PV. b. The higher the WACC used to calculate the NPV, the lower the calculated NPV will be. c. If a project's NPV is greater than zero, then its IRR must be less than the WACC. d. If a project's NPV is greater than zero, then its IRR must be less than zero. e. The NPVs of relatively risky projects should be found using relatively low WACCs.
b. The higher the WACC used to calculate the NPV, the lower the calculated NPV will be.
Lasik Vision Inc. recently analyzed the project whose cash flows are shown below. However, before Lasik decided to accept or reject the project, the Federal Reserve took actions that changed interest rates and therefore the firm's WACC. The Fed's action did not affect the forecasted cash flows. By how much did the change in the WACC affect the project's forecasted NPV? Note that a project's projected NPV can be negative, in which case it should be rejected. Old WACC: 8.00% New WACC: 8.25% Year 0 1 2 3 Cash flows -$1,000 $410 $410 $410 a. -$3.66 b. -$4.27 c. -$4.75 d. -$5.46 e. -$5.18
c. -$4.75
Projects A and B are mutually exclusive and have normal cash flows. Project A has an IRR of 15% and B's IRR is 20%. The company's WACC is 12%, and at that rate Project A has the higher NPV. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The crossover rate for the two projects must be less than 12%. b. Assuming the timing pattern of the two projects' cash flows is the same, Project B probably has a higher cost (and larger scale). c. Assuming the two projects have the same scale, Project B probably has a faster payback than Project A. d. The crossover rate for the two projects must be 12%. e. Since B has the higher IRR, then it must also have the higher NPV if the crossover rate is less than the WACC of 12%.
c. Assuming the two projects have the same scale, Project B probably has a faster payback than Project A.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. A project's NPV is found by compounding the cash inflows at the IRR to find the terminal value (TV), then discounting the TV at the WACC. b. The lower the WACC used to calculate it, the lower the calculated NPV will be. c. If a project's NPV is less than zero, then its IRR must be less than the WACC. d. If a project's NPV is greater than zero, then its IRR must be less than zero. e. The NPV of a relatively low-risk project should be found using a relatively high WACC.
c. If a project's NPV is less than zero, then its IRR must be less than the WACC.
McCall Manufacturing has a WACC of 10%. The firm is considering two normal, equally risky, mutually exclusive, but not repeatable projects. The two projects have the same investment costs, but Project A has an IRR of 15%, while Project B has an IRR of 20%. Assuming the projects' NPV profiles cross in the upper right quadrant, which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Each project must have a negative NPV. b. Since the projects are mutually exclusive, the firm should always select Project B. c. If the crossover rate is 8%, Project B will have the higher NPV. d. Only one project has a positive NPV. e. If the crossover rate is 8%, Project A will have the higher NPV.
c. If the crossover rate is 8%, Project B will have the higher NPV.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The NPV, IRR, MIRR, and discounted payback (using a payback requirement of 3 years or less) methods always lead to the same accept/reject decisions for independent projects. b. For mutually exclusive projects with normal cash flows, the NPV and MIRR methods can never conflict, but their results could conflict with the discounted payback and the regular IRR methods. c. Multiple IRRs can exist, but not multiple MIRRs. This is one reason some people favor the MIRR over the regular IRR. d. If a firm uses the discounted payback method with a required payback of 4 years, then it will accept more projects than if it used a regular payback of 4 years. e. The percentage difference between the MIRR and the IRR is equal to the project's WACC.
c. Multiple IRRs can exist, but not multiple MIRRs. This is one reason some people favor the MIRR over the regular IRR.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The MIRR and NPV decision criteria can never conflict. b. The IRR method can never be subject to the multiple IRR problem, while the MIRR method can be. c. One reason some people prefer the MIRR to the regular IRR is that the MIRR is based on a generally more reasonable reinvestment rate assumption. d. The higher the WACC, the shorter the discounted payback period. e. The MIRR method assumes that cash flows are reinvested at the crossover rate.
c. One reason some people prefer the MIRR to the regular IRR is that the MIRR is based on a generally more reasonable reinvestment rate assumption.
Assume that the economy is enjoying a strong boom, and as a result interest rates and money costs generally are relatively high. The WACC for two mutually exclusive projects that are being considered is 12%. Project S has an IRR of 20% while Project L's IRR is 15%. The projects have the same NPV at the 12% current WACC. However, you believe that the economy will soon fall into a mild recession, and money costs and thus your WACC will soon decline. You also think that the projects will not be funded until the WACC has decreased, and their cash flows will not be affected by the change in economic conditions. Under these conditions, which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. You should reject both projects because they will both have negative NPVs under the new conditions. b. You should delay a decision until you have more information on the projects, even if this means that a competitor might come in and capture this market. c. You should recommend Project L, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. d. You should recommend Project S, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. e. You should recommend Project L because it will have both a higher IRR and a higher NPV under the new conditions.
c. You should recommend Project L, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV.
You are on the staff of Camden Inc. The CFO believes project acceptance should be based on the NPV, but Steve Camden, the president, insists that no project should be accepted unless its IRR exceeds the project's risk-adjusted WACC. Now you must make a recommendation on a project that has a cost of $15,000 and two cash flows: $110,000 at the end of Year 1 and -$100,000 at the end of Year 2. The president and the CFO both agree that the appropriate WACC for this project is 10%. At 10%, the NPV is $2,355.37, but you find two IRRs, one at 6.33% and one at 527.01%, and a MIRR of 11.32%. Which of the following statements best describes your optimal recommendation, i.e., the analysis and recommendation that is best for the company and least likely to get you in trouble with either the CFO or the president? a. You should recommend that the project be rejected because its NPV is negative and its IRR is less than the WACC. b. You should recommend that the project be rejected because, although its NPV is positive, it has an IRR that is less than the WACC. c. You should recommend that the project be accepted because (1) its NPV is positive and (2) although it has two IRRs, in this case it would be better to focus on the MIRR, which exceeds the WACC. You should explain this to the president and tell him that that the firm's value will increase if the project is accepted. d. You should recommend that the project be rejected because (1) its NPV is positive and (2) it has two IRRs, one of which is less than the WACC, which indicates that the firm's value will decline if the project is accepted. e. You should recommend that the project be rejected because, although its NPV is positive, its MIRR is less than the WACC, and that indicates that the firm's value will decline if it is accepted.
c. You should recommend that the project be accepted because (1) its NPV is positive and (2) although it has two IRRs, in this case it would be better to focus on the MIRR, which exceeds the WACC. You should explain this to the president and tell him that that the firm's value will increase if the project is accepted.
Four of the following statements are truly disadvantages of the regular payback method, but one is not a disadvantage of this method. Which one is NOT a disadvantage of the payback method? a. Lacks an objective, market-determined benchmark for making decisions. b. Ignores cash flows beyond the payback period. c. Does not directly account for the time value of money. d. Does not provide any indication regarding a project's liquidity or risk. e. Does not take account of differences in size among projects.
d. Does not provide any indication regarding a project's liquidity or risk.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. For a project to have more than one IRR, then both IRRs must be greater than the WACC. b. If two projects are mutually exclusive, then they are likely to have multiple IRRs. c. If a project is independent, then it cannot have multiple IRRs. d. Multiple IRRs can occur only if the signs of the cash flows change more than once. e. If a project has two IRRs, then the smaller one is the one that is most relevant, and it should be accepted and relied upon.
d. Multiple IRRs can occur only if the signs of the cash flows change more than once.
A company is choosing between two projects. The larger project has an initial cost of $100,000, annual cash flows of $30,000 for 5 years, and an IRR of 15.24%. The smaller project has an initial cost of $51,600, annual cash flows of $16,000 for 5 years, and an IRR of 16.65%. The projects are equally risky. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Since the smaller project has the higher IRR, the two projects' NPV profiles cannot cross, and the smaller project's NPV will be higher at all positive values of WACC. b. Since the smaller project has the higher IRR, the two projects' NPV profiles will cross, and the larger project will look better based on the NPV at all positive values of WACC. c. If the company uses the NPV method, it will tend to favor smaller, shorter-term projects over larger, longer-term projects, regardless of how high or low the WACC is. d. Since the smaller project has the higher IRR but the larger project has the higher NPV at a zero discount rate, the two projects' NPV profiles will cross, and the larger project will have the higher NPV if the WACC is less than the crossover rate. e. Since the smaller project has the higher IRR and the larger NPV at a zero discount rate, the two projects' NPV profiles will cross, and the smaller project will look better if the WACC is less than the crossover rate.
d. Since the smaller project has the higher IRR but the larger project has the higher NPV at a zero discount rate, the two projects' NPV profiles will cross, and the larger project will have the higher NPV if the WACC is less than the crossover rate.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The internal rate of return method (IRR) is generally regarded by academics as being the best single method for evaluating capital budgeting projects. b. The payback method is generally regarded by academics as being the best single method for evaluating capital budgeting projects. c. The discounted payback method is generally regarded by academics as being the best single method for evaluating capital budgeting projects. d. The net present value method (NPV) is generally regarded by academics as being the best single method for evaluating capital budgeting projects. e. The modified internal rate of return method (MIRR) is generally regarded by academics as being the best single method for evaluating capital budgeting projects.
d. The net present value method (NPV) is generally regarded by academics as being the best single method for evaluating capital budgeting projects.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The regular payback method recognizes all cash flows over a project's life. b. The discounted payback method recognizes all cash flows over a project's life, and it also adjusts these cash flows to account for the time value of money. c. The regular payback method was, years ago, widely used, but virtually no companies even calculate the payback today. d. The regular payback is useful as an indicator of a project's liquidity because it gives managers an idea of how long it will take to recover the funds invested in a project. e. The regular payback does not consider cash flows beyond the payback year, but the discounted payback overcomes this defect.
d. The regular payback is useful as an indicator of a project's liquidity because it gives managers an idea of how long it will take to recover the funds invested in a project.
Assume that the economy is in a mild recession, and as a result interest rates and money costs generally are relatively low. The WACC for two mutually exclusive projects that are being considered is 8%. Project S has an IRR of 20% while Project L's IRR is 15%. The projects have the same NPV at the 8% current WACC. However, you believe that the economy is about to recover, and money costs and thus your WACC will also increase. You also think that the projects will not be funded until the WACC has increased, and their cash flows will not be affected by the change in economic conditions. Under these conditions, which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. You should reject both projects because they will both have negative NPVs under the new conditions. b. You should delay a decision until you have more information on the projects, even if this means that a competitor might come in and capture this market. c. You should recommend Project L, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. d. You should recommend Project S, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. e. You should recommend Project L because it will have the higher IRR at the new WACC.
d. You should recommend Project S, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV.
Simkins Renovations Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow data. What is the project's IRR? Note that a project's projected IRR can be less than the WACC (and even negative), in which case it will be rejected. Year 0 1 2 3 4 Cash flows -$825 $300 $290 $280 $270 a. 13.59% b. 17.24% c. 11.40% d. 15.20% e. 14.61%
e. 14.61%
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. If a project has "normal" cash flows, then its IRR must be positive. b. If a project has "normal" cash flows, then its MIRR must be positive. c. If a project has "normal" cash flows, then it will have exactly two real IRRs. d. The definition of "normal" cash flows is that the cash flow stream has one or more negative cash flows followed by a stream of positive cash flows and then one negative cash flow at the end of the project's life. e. If a project has "normal" cash flows, then it can have only one real IRR, whereas a project with "nonnormal" cash flows might have more than one real IRR.
e. If a project has "normal" cash flows, then it can have only one real IRR, whereas a project with "nonnormal" cash flows might have more than one real IRR.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. a. If Project A has a higher IRR than Project B, then Project A must have the lower NPV. b. If Project A has a higher IRR than Project B, then Project A must also have a higher NPV. c. The IRR calculation implicitly assumes that all cash flows are reinvested at the WACC. d. The IRR calculation implicitly assumes that cash flows are withdrawn from the business rather than being reinvested in the business. e. If a project has normal cash flows and its IRR exceeds its WACC, then the project's NPV must be positive.
e. If a project has normal cash flows and its IRR exceeds its WACC, then the project's NPV must be positive.
Westchester Corp. is considering two equally risky, mutually exclusive projects, both of which have normal cash flows. Project A has an IRR of 11%, while Project B's IRR is 14%. When the WACC is 8%, the projects have the same NPV. Given this information, which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. If the WACC is 13%, Project A's NPV will be higher than Project B's. b. If the WACC is 9%, Project A's NPV will be higher than Project B's. c. If the WACC is 6%, Project B's NPV will be higher than Project A's. d. If the WACC is greater than 14%, Project A's IRR will exceed Project B's. e. If the WACC is 9%, Project B's NPV will be higher than Project A's.
e. If the WACC is 9%, Project B's NPV will be higher than Project A's.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. For a project with normal cash flows, any change in the WACC will change both the NPV and the IRR. b. To find the MIRR, we first compound cash flows at the regular IRR to find the TV, and then we discount the TV at the WACC to find the PV. c. The NPV and IRR methods both assume that cash flows can be reinvested at the WACC. However, the MIRR method assumes reinvestment at the MIRR itself. d. If two projects have the same cost, and if their NPV profiles cross in the upper right quadrant, then the project with the higher IRR probably has more of its cash flows coming in the later years. e. If two projects have the same cost, and if their NPV profiles cross in the upper right quadrant, then the project with the lower IRR probably has more of its cash flows coming in the later years.
e. If two projects have the same cost, and if their NPV profiles cross in the upper right quadrant, then the project with the lower IRR probably has more of its cash flows coming in the later years.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. One defect of the IRR method is that it does not take account of cash flows over a project's full life. b. One defect of the IRR method is that it does not take account of the time value of money. c. One defect of the IRR method is that it does not take account of the cost of capital. d. One defect of the IRR method is that it values a dollar received today the same as a dollar that will not be received until sometime in the future. e. One defect of the IRR method is that it assumes that the cash flows to be received from a project can be reinvested at the IRR itself, and that assumption is often not valid.
e. One defect of the IRR method is that it assumes that the cash flows to be received from a project can be reinvested at the IRR itself, and that assumption is often not valid.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. One defect of the IRR method versus the NPV is that the IRR does not take account of cash flows over a project's full life. b. One defect of the IRR method versus the NPV is that the IRR does not take account of the time value of money. c. One defect of the IRR method versus the NPV is that the IRR does not take account of the cost of capital. d. One defect of the IRR method versus the NPV is that the IRR values a dollar received today the same as a dollar that will not be received until sometime in the future. e. One defect of the IRR method versus the NPV is that the IRR does not take proper account of differences in the sizes of projects.
e. One defect of the IRR method versus the NPV is that the IRR does not take proper account of differences in the sizes of projects.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The NPV method was once the favorite of academics and business executives, but today most authorities regard the MIRR as being the best indicator of a project's profitability. b. If the cost of capital declines, this lowers a project's NPV. c. The NPV method is regarded by most academics as being the best indicator of a project's profitability, hence most academics recommend that firms use only this one method and disregard other methods. d. A project's NPV depends on the total amount of cash flows the project produces, but because the cash flows are discounted at the WACC, it does not matter if the cash flows occur early or late in the project's life. e. The NPV and IRR methods may give different recommendations regarding which of two mutually exclusive projects should be accepted, but they always give the same recommendation regarding the acceptability of a normal, independent project.
e. The NPV and IRR methods may give different recommendations regarding which of two mutually exclusive projects should be accepted, but they always give the same recommendation regarding the acceptability of a normal, independent project.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one cash outflow at t = 0 followed by a series of positive cash flows. a. A project's MIRR is always greater than its regular IRR. b. A project's MIRR is always less than its regular IRR. c. If a project's IRR is greater than its WACC, then its MIRR will be greater than the IRR. d. To find a project's MIRR, we compound cash inflows at the regular IRR and then find the discount rate that causes the PV of the terminal value to equal the initial cost. e. To find a project's MIRR, the textbook procedure compounds cash inflows at the WACC and then finds the discount rate that causes the PV of the terminal value to equal the initial cost.
e. To find a project's MIRR, the textbook procedure compounds cash inflows at the WACC and then finds the discount rate that causes the PV of the terminal value to equal the initial cost.
