Chapter 11

____ is a tendency to use the same set of solutions to solve similar problems, whereas ___is using the same solution for two problems with the same underlying structure. A. a mental set; analogical transfer B. functional fixedness; mental set C. a mental set; functional fixedness D. Analogical transfer; a mental set

A. a mental set; analogical transfer

Gick and Holuoak's story involving a general and his army as compared to a surgeon and his patient with an inoperable tumor is an example of ____. A. analogical transfer B. functional fixeedness C. a mental set D. selective encoding

A. analogical transfer

Researchers have found that people most often use ____ when problem-solving. A. introspection B. pencil and paper C. apps D. trial-and-error

A. introspection

____ are problems that have a clearly defined goal state and constraints, whereas ___ are problems that lack a clearly defined goal state and constraints A. well-defined; ill-defined B. ill-defined; well defined C. defined; undefined D. defined; non-defined

A. well-defined; ill-defined

What brain area seems to play a large role in problem-solving? A. temporal lobe B. frontal lobe C. parietal lobe D. occipital lobe

B. frontal

Consider the following scenario. You are at work, and the strap on your shoe breaks. You have to figure out a way to fix it; otherwise you will not be able to walk properly with both shoes! You use a paperclip to hold the strap. This example rejects the idea of ____. A. pathological behavior B. functional fixedness C. improper fixedness D. nonfunctional fixedness

B. functional fixedness

____ is a common barrier to our ability to solve problems. A. typicality B. functional fixedness C. a well-defined problem D. an ill-defined problem

B. functional fixedness

___is focusing on how things are usually used, while ignoring other potential uses. A. functional fixedness B. functional fixedness C. functional fixation D. functional use

B. functional fixedness

While working in a lab, you encounter a problem with your experiment. You n A. trial-and-error B. insight C. introspection D. recognition

B. insight

Early theories of problem-solving focused primarily on ___. A. functional fixedness B. introspection C. trial-and-error D. systematic strategies

B. introspection

___ is the process of developing a solution designed to change the state of affairs from the current state to the goal state: A. error monitoring B. problem solving C. searching D. cognitive tracing

B. problem solving

All of the following are processes proposed to underlie problem-solving EXCEPT: A. selective encoding B. selective introspection D. selective comparison

B. selective introspection

Diana is trying to bake chocolate chip cookies from scratch. She has made several batches so far, but cannot figure out what ingredient she is missing. Finally, on her 5th batch, her cookies have come out perfectly. This process illustrates ____. A. structuralism B. trial-and-error C. introspection D. functionalism

B. trial-and-error

Sudoku puzzle is an example of a _____. A. ill-defined problem B. well-defined problem C. undefined problem D. defined problem

B. well-defined problem

How we mentally represent a problem can ____ finding the solution. A. help with B. hinder C. both help and hinder D. neither help nor hinder

C. both help and hinder

Trial-and-error approaches work well when there are ____. A. many solutions B. several dangerous solution C. several solutions D. no solutions

C. several solution

Imagine that you are writing a paper and are entering all of your references into your bibliography manually, You complete that paper and begin a new one. You start to, again, enter all of your references manually, even though your friend just told you about a great program that does all of that for you and allows you to reformat things within seconds. However, you insist on continuing with your old ways. This illustrates____. A. functional fixedness B. selective encoding C. analogical transfer D. a mental set

D. a mental set

A problem is: A. when you are at a significant disadvantage B. when you cannot comprehend a situation C. a situation in which you cannot locate something you need D. a situation in which there is a difference between a current state and a desired goal state

D. a situation in which there is a difference between a current state and a desired goal state

While baking a cake; you say the steps out loud as you are carrying them out. This is an example of ____. A. pathology B. functional fixedness C. retrospection D. introspection

D. introspection

All of the following are examples of ill-defined problems EXCEPT: A. driving to the store B. buying soda C. getting dressed D. turning your car on

D. turning your car on