Chapter 11

Which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion is most accurate? Select one: a. Aztec deities were normally associated only with male forms. b. Aztec deities were numerous and had different forms or manifestations somewhat like the avatars of the Hindu deities. c. Tonatiuh and Tezcatlipoca became the paramount gods along with Nezhualcoyotl. d. Shortly after establishing their empire, the Aztecs abandoned all gods other than their patron, Huitzilopochtli. e. There was little or no animism in the religious world of the Aztecs.

b. Aztec deities were numerous and had different forms or manifestations somewhat like the avatars of the Hindu deities.

The capital of the Inca empire was Select one: a. Chichen Itza. b. Cuzco. c. Chan Chan. d. Tihuanaco. e. Cajamarca.

b. Cuzco.

What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system? Select one: a. Aztec social institutions became more inclusive leading to a more equalitarian society. b. From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a highly stratified society. c. Aztec society was transformed in the sense that the Mexicans adopted the social patterns of the Maya. d. Conquest opened up Aztec society to incursions by the indigenous peoples who began to form a trained bureaucracy. e. Despite the stress of warfare and invasion, the Aztec society remained remarkably unchanged by the process.

b. From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a highly stratified society.

Which of the following represents a cultural difference between the Incas and Aztecs? Select one: a. Relative isolation b. Lack of a writing system c. Practice of human sacrifice d. Lack of a priest class e. Monumental architecture

b. Lack of a writing system

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of American civilizations during the post classical period? Select one: a. Elaborate cultural systems b. Monotheistic practices c. Diverse civilizations d. Large cities based on elaborate political and economic organization e. Highly developed agriculture

b. Monotheistic practices

Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Aztec rise to power? Select one: a. The subsequent expansion of power and the boundaries of Aztec control b. The abandonment of human sacrifice c. The increasing dominance of the nobility d. A highly urbanized society e. The emergence of a ruler with supreme powers

b. The abandonment of human sacrifice

Which of the following does NOT represent a characteristic of most Indian societies other than the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations? Select one: a. Communal action and ownership of resources b. Wealth as the basis of social ranking c. Strongly kin-based societies d. Important social and political roles for women e. Highly urbanized populations

b. Wealth as the basis of social ranking

The most powerful of the Andean states between 900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco and Huari was Select one: a. Chichen Itza. b. Chavin. c. Chimor. d. Texcoco. e. Titicaca.

c. Chimor.

In the period shortly after the arrival of the Aztecs in the valley of Mexico, what was the nature of the political organization of the region? Select one: a. A large confederation b. Imperial c. City-states d. Hunting and gathering groups e. Regional kingdoms

c. City-states

Which of the following represents a significant difference between the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations? Select one: a. Kin-based social groups b. Sedentary agricultural systems c. Climate and geography d. The existence of a nobility e. Tribute systems

c. Climate and geography

Which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion? Select one: a. Gods of fertility b. The agricultural cycle c. Deities devoted to contemplation and salvation d. Gods of warfare and sacrifice e. Creator deities

c. Deities devoted to contemplation and salvation

Which of the following views of the Aztec practice of human sacrifice can be associated with Marvin Harris's interpretation of the "cannibal kingdom"? Select one: a. It was an essentially religious act central to their belief that humans must sacrifice that which was most precious to them in order to receive the sun, rain, and other blessings. b. It was the intentional manipulation of a traditional practice to terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower classes subordinate. c. It was a response to the lack of available protein in the form of large mammals. d. The incidence of human sacrifice was grossly exaggerated by the Spanish for political purposes. e. It was immoral and unnecessary and was a waste of economic resources.

c. It was a response to the lack of available protein in the form of large mammals.

What was the nature of the Aztec economy? Select one: a. The Aztecs failed to develop a merchant class, so all distribution of goods was carried out by the state. b. The Aztec traded the entire length of the inhabited Pacific coast as far south as the Inca empire. c. The Aztec state redistributed many goods received as tribute and there was a specialized merchant class. d. There was little trade within Aztec society, as almost all communities were self-sufficient. e. The Aztecs developed a free-market economy in which all trade was in the hands of specialized merchants.

c. The Aztec state redistributed many goods received as tribute and there was a specialized merchant class.

Tne of the most permanent features of Aztec society was its organization into clans or Select one: a. chinampas. b. quipus. c. calpulli. d. pipiltin. e. ayllus.

c. calpulli.

Tambos were Select one: a. mountain passes found in the Andes. b. knotted strings used for record keeping. c. way stations along roads in the Inca empire. d. the Aztec term for local rulers. e. labor turns exacted by the Inca authorities.

c. way stations along roads in the Inca empire.

The Toltec empire lasted until about what date? Select one: a. 1521 b. 1000 c. 1236 d. 1150 e. 1434

d. 1150

How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs? Select one: a. As barbarians who lacked culture b. As heretics, who practiced a forbidden religion c. As slaves, fit only for conquest d. As the givers of civilization e. The Toltec culture was unknown to the Aztecs

d. As the givers of civilization

Which of the following was NOT a function of the Aztec kinship groups? Select one: a. Organizing military units for warfare b. Organizing labor units for state service c. Maintaining temples and schools d. Assignment of people to cult groups e. Distributing land to household heads

d. Assignment of people to cult groups

While the position of Aztec women in many ways paralleled that of women in other civilizations at a similar stage of development, what was the significant difference between the lives of women in Mesoamerica and in the Mediterranean world? Select one: a. Peasant women were more highly educated in Mesoamerica. b. Aztec women were unable to inherit or to pass property on to heirs. c. Women in Mesoamerica participated fully in the military. d. Aztec women had to spend many more hours grinding grain for food. e. There was no polygamy practiced in Mesoamerica.

d. Aztec women had to spend many more hours grinding grain for food.

What was the nature of the Aztec administration of subject territories? Select one: a. All territories conquered by the Aztecs became part of a singular administration run by a trained bureaucracy located in Tenochtitlan, much like the Byzantine Empire. b. Aztecs rarely collected tribute from subject territories but did take hostages for human sacrifice. c. The Aztecs established a military administration with subject territories controlled by regional generals. d. Conquered territories were often left relatively unchanged under their old rulers as long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and paid tribute. e. The Aztecs placed members of the Aztec nobility as rulers over subject peoples.

d. Conquered territories were often left relatively unchanged under their old rulers as long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and paid tribute.

What was the primary difference in the political situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the classical states? Select one: a. The Andean political experience lacked the militaristic overtones that accompanied the breakdown of power in Mesoamerica. b. The Andean region was more compact and therefore quickly reunited under the leadership of the Inca. c. The transition of power that took place in the Andean zone was accomplished by invasion from outside the region. d. In the Andean zones a number of relatively large states continued to be important, rather than the breakdown of power that was typical of Mesoamerica. e. In Mesoamerica there was no real political decline as new peoples simply took over the institutions of their predecessors.

d. In the Andean zones a number of relatively large states continued to be important, rather than the breakdown of power that was typical of Mesoamerica.

The modern image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulated the distribution of resources on the basis of need is referred to as Select one: a. Inca despotism. b. utopian positivism. c. Indian utilitarianism. d. Inca socialism. e. Mesoamerican capitalism.

d. Inca socialism.

Which of the following is NOT true of the Aztec view of marriage and the family? Select one: a. Virginity at marriage was highly regarded for young women. b. Mayeques rarely married into noble families. c. Marriages were often arranged between lineages. d. Polygamy was common throughout society. e. Young girls were often trained by the older women of the calpulli.

d. Polygamy was common throughout society.

What city did the Aztecs establish circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco? Select one: a. Chinampa b. Texcoco c. Culhuacan d. Tenochtitlan e. Teotihuacan

d. Tenochtitlan

In terms of the integration of a centralized empire, how did the Incas and Aztecs compare? Select one: a. Both the Incas and the Aztecs created fully integrated empires complete with central bureaucracies and military administrative units that controlled all conquered regions. b. The Aztecs and Incas both made little attempt to integrate conquered territories and permitted self-rule in return for loyalty and tribute. c. The Aztecs were more advanced than the Incas in consolidating their government into an integrated unit. d. The Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did less in this regard. e. To create their empires both allowed little variation from region to region and city to city.

d. The Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did less in this regard.

Which of the following statements concerning the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan is NOT accurate? Select one: a. By 1519 it probably had a population of about 150,000. b. It was built on an island in the middle of a lake. c. The city was divided into more than 60 wards controlled by kinship groups. d. Unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex. e. It and Cuzco shared a similar geography in that both cities were located on a lake.

d. Unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a temple complex.

The Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in the aquatic environments of the lakes of central Mexico was the development of Select one: a. quipus. b. pipiltin. c. Pochteca. d. chinampas. e. calpulli.

d. chinampas.

During the post classical period, societies in the Americas Select one: a. were united under a single government. b. experienced the initial contacts that led to the European invasion of the New World. c. abandoned Central America and migrated northward. d. remained entirely separate from those of the Old World. e. failed to develop imperial forms of government similar to European society.

d. remained entirely separate from those of the Old World.

At the time of their migration to the shores of Lake Texcoco, the Aztec numbered about Select one: a. 50,000 b. 100,000 c. 150,000 d. 1,000. e. 10,000

e. 10,000

Around what year did the Aztecs migrate to the central valley of Mexico? Select one: a. 1434 b. 932 c. 1000 d. 1150 e. 1325

e. 1325

The Aztec awaited the appearance of an eagle landing on a cactus with a serpent in its mouth. When this appeared Select one: a. Lake Texcoco would dry up. b. their capitol would be destroyed. c. a strong female ruler would emerge. d. the sun would not shine. e. their wanderings would end.

e. their wanderings would end.

What do the authors suggest was the principal reason for Inca conquest and expansion? Select one: a. The practice of split inheritance b. Their need for human sacrificial victims c. The existence of long-distance trade merchants within the imperial administration d. The cult of the sun e. The absence of irrigation systems within the Inca empire

a. The practice of split inheritance

The northern nomadic peoples who entered central Mexico following the decline of Teotihuacan were the Select one: a. Toltecs. b. Aztecs. c. Olmecs. d. Maya. e. Incas.

a. Toltecs.

The Toltec capital was established at Select one: a. Tula. b. Twantinsuyu. c. Teotihuacan. d. Tenochtitlan. e. Tlotelolco.

a. Tula.

The Inca nobility were Select one: a. drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of Cuzco. b. lower in status to the yanas and the priest class. c. not distinguished from the commoners by appearance or dress. d. drawn from the noble ayllus of the conquered population. e. often commoners who distinguished themselves in battle.

a. drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of Cuzco.

Closely identified with the cult of sacrifice and the military, the Aztec social hierarchy developed a nobility referred to as the Select one: a. pipiltin. b. pochteca. c. calpulli. d. quipus. e. chinampas.

a. pipiltin.

The religious practice most closely associated with the state and the person of the Inca in Andean civilization was the cult of Select one: a. the sun. b. the rain god. c. human sacrifice. d. Quetzalcoatl. e. Twantinsuyu.

a. the sun.

After the sack of Tula, the center of population and political power in Mexico shifted to Select one: a. the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of lakes in that basin. b. Chimor. c. Teotihuacan and the area west of the Pacific. d. Yucatan peninsula. e. the southern Pacific coast.

a. the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of lakes in that basin.

Which of the following existed in the Aztec empire, but NOT in the Inca empire? Select one: a. Extraction of labor for use on temple projects b. An extensive merchant class c. Recognition of local groups and leaders d. A tribute system e. Redistribution of tribute by the state

b. An extensive merchant class

What was the Inca practice of split inheritance? Select one: a. All political power and titles went to the ruler's successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male descendants to support the cult of the dead Inca's mummy. b. All power and wealth was inherited by the eldest son but religious leadership fell to the youngest daughter. c. On the death of the previous ruler, the throne passed to two descendants from the ruler's family. d. On the death of the previous ruler, the family's wealth was equally divided among all male heirs. e. On the death of the previous ruler, the inheritance passed through the family of the senior wife to her oldest brother.

a. All political power and titles went to the ruler's successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male descendants to support the cult of the dead Inca's mummy.

The people who succeeded the Toltecs as the rulers of central Mexico were the Select one: a. Aztecs. b. Quechua. c. Maya. d. Incas. e. Olmecs.

a. Aztecs.

Which of the following was utilized in the Inca empire, but NOT by the Aztecs? Select one: a. Extensive use of colonization b. Identification of the nobility with the administrative and military functions of the state c. A semi-divine emperor d. Elaborate road systems e. Use of local rulers in exchange for recognition of sovereignty

a. Extensive use of colonization

The central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was Select one: a. Huitzilopochtli. b. Tonatiuh. c. Quetzalcoatl. d. Chac. e. Tlaloc.

a. Huitzilopochtli.

What was the Aztec view of history? Select one: a. Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in a cyclical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world. b. They believed in a linear history ending with their total destruction at the hands of the people from the East. c. Unlike other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs rejected the cyclical view of history for a more modern historical view based on the history of their empire. d. They believed in a linear view of history dedicated to the premise of Aztec superiority for eternity. e. Because they lacked a calendar system, the Aztecs had no formal historical viewpoint.

a. Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in a cyclical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world.

The Inca ruler associated with the first creation of the Inca empire in 1438 was Select one: a. Pachacuti. b. Moctezuma II. c. Ahuitzotl. d. Topac Yupanqui. e. Nezhualcoyotl.

a. Pachacuti.

What was the Andean principle of inheritance? Select one: a. Parallel descent: women passed rights and property to daughters, men to sons b. Extended family split inheritances evenly c. Matrilineal, inheritance passing in the female line d. Everything passing to the monarch e. Patrilineal, inheritance passing in the male line

a. Parallel descent: women passed rights and property to daughters, men to sons

What was the relationship between the Toltecs and their predecessors in central Mexico? Select one: a. The Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strong military ethic and human sacrifice. b. The Toltecs adopted the animistic religion of their predecessors, but failed to develop cities or ceremonial centers. c. The former residents of central Mexico were wiped out during the Toltec invasions. d. The Toltec rejected all economic and social practices but did use similar religious practices. e. The entry of the Toltecs into central Mexico marks an abrupt break in the cultural development of the region.

a. The Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strong military ethic and human sacrifice.

Which of the following statements about the population of the Americas is most true? Select one: a. The population estimates of the Americas continue to be revised upward. b. The population of the Americas is easy to calculate. c. Most estimates are approximately the same. d. The early 20th-century estimate of 8.4 million still seems the most accurate. e. North America was more densely populated than Mesoamerica or the Andes.

a. The population estimates of the Americas continue to be revised upward.