Chapter 11 and 12

The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels. The first statement is false but the second statement is true. Both statements are true. The first statement is true but the second statement is false. Both statements are false. Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration. Wallerian central neural conduction peripheral

Wallerian

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? arachnoid and dura arachnoid and epidura arachnoid and pia dura and epidura

arachnoid and pia

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus? periosteal part of the dura mater membranous part of the dura mater pia mater arachnoid mater

arachnoid mater

All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they involve pools of interneurons. have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response. are intersegmental in distribution. involve reciprocal innervation. are arranged according to dermatomes

are arranged according to dermatomes.

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. are crucial for the development of neural connections are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters release nerve growth factor are found on "pathfinder" neurons

are crucial for the development of neural connections

All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers. are innervated by gamma motor neurons. are the receptor for the stretch reflex. are found in tendons. are found within skeletal muscle.

are found in tendons.

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? descending tracts the anterior gray commissures the anterior gray horns ascending tracts the anterior white commissures

ascending tracts

Which neuroglia are the most abundant and versatile of the glial cells? ependymal cells Schwann cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes

astrocytes

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the microglia. ependymal cells. satellite cells. oligodendrocytes. astrocytes.

astrocytes.

The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the oligodendrocytes. microglia. Schwann cells. ependymal cells. astrocytes.

astrocytes.

Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along a myelinated axon? at the nodes of Ranvier at every segment of the axon at the axon hillock at the myelinated segments

at the nodes of Ranvier

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________. axon Schwann cell neurolemma dendrite

axon\

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains axons of sensory neurons. axons of motor neurons. cell bodies of motor neurons. cell bodies of sensory neurons. interneurons.

axons of motor neurons.

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains cell bodies of motor neurons. axons of sensory neurons. cell bodies of sensory neurons. axons of motor neurons. interneurons.

axons of sensory neurons.

Spinocerebellar tracts ________. terminate in the spinal cord give rise to conscious experience of perception carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum

What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? cauda equina cervical enlargement lumbar enlargement conus medullaris

cauda equina

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. amygdaloid nucleus hippocampus cingulate gyrus caudate nucleus

caudate nucleus

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain synapses. cell bodies of motor neurons. axons of motor neurons. cell bodies of sensory neurons. axons of sensory neurons.

cell bodies of sensory neurons.

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________. axons of multipolar neurons axons of unipolar neurons cell bodies of multipolar neurons cell bodies of unipolar neurons

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. central efferent afferent peripheral autonomic

central

What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration? somatic nervous system central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

central nervous system

The spinal cord is part of the autonomic nervous system. central nervous system. peripheral nervous system. somatic nervous system. afferent nervous system.

central nervous system.

The arbor vitae refers to ________. the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum cerebellar white matter cerebellar gray matter flocculonodular nodes

cerebellar white matter

Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living? cerebellum medulla oblongata pons midbrain

cerebellum

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate somatic motor output so that smooth, well-timed movements occur? cerebellum thalamus pons diencephalon

cerebellum

Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system? diencephalic and brain stem structures cerebral and brain stem structures cerebral and diencephalic structures diencephalic and mesencephalic structures

cerebral and diencephalic structures

Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function? interfere with neurotransmitter reuptake interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane prevent neurotransmitter inactivation block neurotransmitter binding to receptors

change the type of receptor found in the

A postsynaptic neuron will have an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) when more calcium ions than usual diffuse into the neuron. the neuron is hyperpolarized. chemically-regulated potassium channels are open and potassium is diffusing out of the cell. chemically-regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell. more potassium ions than usual diffuse out of the neuron.

chemically-regulated sodium channels are open and sodium is diffusing into the cell.

Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical classes into which neurotransmitters fall? amino acids gases and lipids chlorides peptides

chlorides

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? concussion swelling hemorrhage contusion

concussion

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. crossed extensor flexor tendon stretch reciprocal

crossed extensor

The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor. crossed extensor stretch tendon flexor

crossed extensor

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential. the sending neuron becomes more negative inside. the sending neuron becomes more positive inside. the receiving neuron is more likely to generate an action potential. the receiving neuron immediately generates an action potential.

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons. True False

true

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). True False

true

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell. chloride ions enter a cell. extra sodium ions enter a cell. more calcium ions than usual leak out of a cell. hyperpolarizations occur.

extra sodium ions enter a cell.

If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them. True False

true

In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex. True Fals

true

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. True False

true

Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain. True False

true

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing. True False

true

Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). True False

true

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. True False

true

A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep. True False

false

Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon. True False

false

In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop. True False

false

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons. True False

false

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned. True False

false

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres. True False

false

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus. True False

false

The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control; whereas, the somatic nervous system is involuntary. True False

false

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro. True False

false

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. True False

false

The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes. True False

false

The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi. True False

false

Compared to nerve action potentials, muscle action potentials do not have __________. greater resting potentials slower propagation faster propagation longer duration

faster propagation

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. filum terminale ventral root conus medullaris dorsal root cauda equina

filum terminale

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains. True False

true

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the formation of cerebrospinal fluid. formation of ganglia. transport of neurotransmitters within axons. formation of myelin sheaths. repair of axons.

formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2. True False

true

The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate. True False

true

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by regenerating cell bodies for the neurons. clearing away cellular debris. producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons. forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth. producing new axons.

forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. motor neurons called neuroglial cells found in the retina of the eye found in ganglia

found in the retina of the eye

The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant. True False

true

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain. True False

true

The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons. True False

true

The overlapping functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output. True False

true

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space. True False

true

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. True False

true

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? type of stimulus receptor frequency of action potentials size of action potentials origin of the stimulus

frequency of action potentials

Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes? primary visual cortex gustatory cortex frontal eye field visual association area

frontal eye field

The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing. True False

true

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes. True False

true

The central sulcus separates which lobes? frontal from parietal temporal from parietal frontal from temporal parietal from occipital

frontal from parietal

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. nuclei nerves ganglia tracts

ganglia

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the gray commissures. lateral gray horns. posterior gray horns. anterior gray horns. white commissures.

gray commissures.

The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or limbs are white rami communicantes. ventral ramus. gray rami communicantes. dorsal ramus. dermatomes.

gray rami communicantes

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. ganglia fissures sulci gyri

gyri

In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused. unipolar interneuron anaxonic bipolar multipolar

unipolar

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called tripolar. multipolar. bipolar. unipolar. anaxonic.

unipolar.

Sensory neurons of the PNS are bipolar. unipolar. anaxonic. multipolar. tripolar.

unipolar.

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. reticular nuclei vestibular nuclei red nuclei superior colliculi

vestibular nuclei

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he would have full range of motion in all extremities. would be in a coma. could walk without difficulty. might be unable to breathe on his own. would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

might be unable to breathe on his own.

The flexor reflex usually depends on cranial neurons. moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. is an example of a monosynaptic reflex. prevents a muscle from overstretching. prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension.

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

How would a chemical that prevents the opening of voltage-regulated Na+ channels affect the function of a neuron? neuron will only be able to hyperpolarize action potentials will lack a repolarization phase neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials neuron will depolarize more rapidly neuron will automatically and repeatedly produce graded potentials

neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials

The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________. substrate; receptor receptor; neurotransmitter hormone; neurotransmitter propagation; neurotransmitter neurotransmitter; receptor

neurotransmitter; receptor

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the protoplasm. neuroplasm. perikaryon. nucleoplasm. sarcoplasm.

perikaryon.

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the endosteum. endoneurium. epimysium. epineurium. perineurium.

perineurium.

The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system.

peripheral

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. sciatic radial phrenic lesser occipital ansa cervicalis

phrenic

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the median. radial. musculocutaneous. ulnar. phrenic

phrenic

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater arachnoid villi

pia mater

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the dura mater. subarachnoid space. arachnoid. pia mater. choroid plexus.

pia mater

The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________. pia mater; dura mater epidural space; subdural space dura mater; arachnoid mater pia mater; arachnoid mater

pia mater; arachnoid mater

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) plexus. lateral nerve. autonomic nerve. dermatome. tract.

plexus.

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. medulla midbrain cerebrum pon

pons

The most abundant intracellular cation is __________ while the most abundant extracellular anion is __________. sodium; chloride potassium; chloride potassium; protein anions sodium; protein anions

potassium; chloride

Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination? primary somatosensory cortex vestibular cortex Broca's area gustatory cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? declarative motor emotional procedural

procedural

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? control the chemical environment around neurons guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability provide the defense for the CNS support and brace neurons anchor neurons to blood vessels

provide the defense for the CNS

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons? multipolar pseudopolar anaxonic unipolar bipolar

pseudopolar

Which of these is not a neuron structural category? multipolar pseudopolar unipolar bipolar

pseudopolar

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. segmental and nigrostriatal pyramidal and corticospinal extrapyramidal and rubrospinal supplementary and cerebellar-pontine

pyramidal and corticospinal

After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal reabsorbs axoplasm. reabsorbs the acetate. reabsorbs the acetylcholine. reabsorbs the choline. pinches off and a new terminal grows

reabsorbs the choline.

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called a crossed extensor reflex. a stretch reflex. reciprocal inhibition. reverberating circuits. a tendon reflex.

reciprocal inhibition.

Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? red blood cells protein glucose potassium

red blood cells

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? integration of sensory input monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body control the activity of muscles and glands regulation of neurogenesis

regulation of neurogenesis

Neuroglia perform all of these functions except __________. secrete CSF provide supportive framework release neurotransmitters regulate extracellular fluid composition

release neurotransmitters

The rabies virus travels to the CNS via retrograde axoplasmic transport. subcutaneous connective tissue. blood vessels. cerebrospinal fluid. anterograde axoplasmic transport.

retrograde axoplasmic transport.

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? suprachiasmatic nucleus autonomic control center temperature control center thirst center

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"? suprachiastmatic nucleus subthalamic nucleus dorsomedial nucleus lentiform nucleus

suprachiastmatic nucleus

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules. oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons. astrocytes form a capsule around neurons. ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons. the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

An action potential in one segment of axon causes adjacent sections of axon membrane to reach threshold through what mechanism? the generation of local currents Na+ ions diffusing across the membrane through leakage channels K+ ions diffusing through voltage-gated channels neurotransmitters causing chemically gated channels to open

the generation of local currents

Which of the following associations is incorrect? 5 sacral spinal nerves 8 cervical spinal nerves 1 coccygeal spinal nerve 11 thoracic spinal nerves 5 lumbar spinal nerves

11 thoracic spinal nerves

The spinal cord consists of __________ segments, each associated with two pairs of nerve roots. 12 29 to 31 5 31

31

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments. 31 25 12 5 The number varies widely among individuals.

31

After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. 8 18 1 12 4

4

The spinal cord stops elongating at about __________ years of age. 4 10 15 2

4

Cl− is a common negatively charged extracellular ion. Predict the effect on the RMP if many Cl− gated channels are suddenly opened. A more negative RMP would result. There would be no change in the RMP. The membrane would become hypopolarized or have less charge separation across the membrane. The RMP would become more positive.

A more negative RMP would result.

Which of the following is true of axons? Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials. Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite. Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons. A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.

A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.

A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________. efferent axon sensory receptor afferent axon A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. Specific potassium gates will open. Specific sodium gates will open.

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

In meningitis, viruses can be the cause. bacteria can be the cause. inflammation of the meninges occurs. CSF flow can be disrupted. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________. postponing emptying a full urinary bladder holding your breath deliberately walking on hot coals All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns.

All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns.

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. long-term memory automatic memory Association rehearsal

Association

An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________. Babinski sign; plantar reflex plantar reflex; Babinski sign Babinski sign; flexor reflex flexor reflex; plantar reflex

Babinski sign; plantar reflex

________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs. Multipolar Unipolar Motor Bipolar Anaxonic

Bipolar

__________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures. The pia mater Cerebrospinal fluid The dura mater The blood-brain barrier

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which statement about coma is true? Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. Coma is a form of deep sleep.

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes. Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible. Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location. Damage to the primary visual cortex results in functional blindness.

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.

The neurotransmitter glutamate opens channels that are permeable to sodium ions. What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron? IPSPs EPSPs neither IPSPs nor EPSPs both IPSPs and EPSPs

EPSPs

EPSPs are ___________. graded EPSPs have all of these characteristics. excitatory postsynaptic

EPSPs have all of these characteristics.

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. First-order neurons have cell bodies in the thalamus.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS. Bipolar neurons Motor neurons Unipolar neurons Sensory neurons Interneurons

Interneurons

Which of these are not properties of the stretch reflex? It is activated by muscle elongation. Its receptor is muscle spindle. It is a disynaptic reflex. It regulates muscle length.

It is a disynaptic reflex.

________ neurons are the most common class in the CNS. Multipolar Unipolar Sensory Anaxonic Bipolar

Multipolar

__________ causes a person to lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. Sleep apnea Narcolepsy Syncope Epilepsy

Narcolepsy

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system. Dendrites Efferent fibers Neuroglia Synapses Axons

Neuroglia

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________. neuroglia neuron cell bodies (somas) unmyelinated axons The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The gray horns contain all of these elements.

In a myelinated axon, how do the nodes of Ranvier differ from other segments of the same axon? The nodes are longer segments of the axon. The nodes are wrapped in myelin. The nodes are less numerous. The nodes are more permeable to ions.

The nodes are more permeable to ions.

Which of the following is NOT true of an electrical synapse? Communication through these synapses may be unidirectional or bidirectional. They are less common than chemical synapses. They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. Transmission across these synapses is very rapid.

They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? They can form on receptor endings. They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. They can be called postsynaptic potentials. They are short-lived.

They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

Which of these axons will conduct an action potential most quickly? Type A fiber Type B fiber Type C fiber All fibers have the same propagation speed.

Type A fiber

Following repolarization, the neuron may become slightly hyperpolarized before it re-establishes its resting membrane potential. Hyperpolarization is due to a difference between how the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels work. What is this difference? Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot. Voltage-gated K+ channels possess an inactivation gate that keeps them closed until repolarization is almost complete. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are responsible for depolarization, while voltage-gated K+ channels return K+ to their original location. Voltage-gated Na+ channels can open much faster than voltage-gated K+ channels.

Voltage-gated Na+ channels stop the flow of Na+ relatively quickly, while voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in the overshoot.

A postsynaptic cell can be a neuron, a muscle cell, or a secretory cell. What is an example of a presynaptic cell? a muscle cell a neuron a secretory cell a Schwann cell

a neuron

In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater? a monosynaptic reflex a polysynaptic reflex

a polysynaptic reflex

Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. adrenalin. serotonin. GABA. norepinephrine.

acetylcholine

The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated autonomic. efferent. afferent. somatic. motor.

afferent

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) are local depolarizations. block the efflux of calcium ions. increase membrane permeability to sodium ions. are local hyperpolarizations. block the efflux of potassium ions.

are local hyperpolarizations.

Which of the following is the conducting region of the neuron? terminal boutons axon soma dendrites

axon

Which part of the neuron is responsible for generating a nerve impulse? soma axon dendrite chromatophilic substance

axon

EPSPs and IPSPs summate at the __________. synaptic knob postsynaptic receptors axon hillock electrical synapse

axon hillock

The simplest level of information processing takes place at the __________. axon terminals axon hillock soma dendrites

axon hillock

The axon is connected to the soma at the collaterals. synaptic terminal. telodendria. synapse. axon hillock.

axon hillock.

The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the synaptic terminal. electrical synapse. chemical synapse. axon hillock. dendritic membrane

axon hillock.

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called bipolar. multipolar. anaxonic. unipolar. tripolar.

bipolar.

Spinal nerves are purely motor. purely sensory. involuntary. both sensory and motor. interneuronal.

both sensory and motor

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? lumbar cranial cervical brachial sacral

brachial

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. lumbar sacral cervical brachial thoracic

brachial

The term central nervous system refers to the ________. brain and spinal cord brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves spinal cord and spinal nerves peripheral and spinal nerves

brain and spinal cord

The white matter of the spinal cord contains both axons and dendrites. sensory and motor nuclei. interneurons. bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions.

bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft? potassium calcium magnesium sodium

calcium

Presynaptic facilitation by serotonin is caused by blockage of calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane. increased extracellular concentration of sodium ion. calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer. increased extracellular concentration of potassium ion. temporal summation.

calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer.

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity? diencephalon brain stem cerebellum cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________. outer portion of the spinal cord cerebral cortex corpus callosum corticospinal tracts

cerebral cortex

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. cervical coccygeal lumbar sacral thoracic

cervical

Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system? electrical processing chemical radiative mechanical

chemical

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except guiding neuron development. maintaining the blood-brain barrier. responding to neural tissue damage. conducting action potentials. forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.

conducting action potentials.

Integral membrane proteins that connect electrical synapses are called desmosomes. synapsins. sodium channels. receptors. connexons.

connexons.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep? absence of brain waves ("flat EEG") irreversible brain damage continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons All of the listed responses are correct.

continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons

The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________. segment input domain dermatome dermal band

dermatome

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? integrate sensory information control peripheral effectors direct long-term functions, such as growth sense the internal and external environments coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities

direct long-term functions, such as growth

The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei. intermediate ventral dorsal lateral

dorsal

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. gray ramus communicantes ventral ramus dermatome dorsal ramus white ramus communicantes

dorsal ramus

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________. endomysium endoneurium epineurium perineurium

endoneurium

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the subneurium. metaneurium. endoneurium. aponeurium. perineurium.

endoneurium

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? Schwann cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells

ependymal cells

What cells line the ventricles of the brain? astrocytes epithelial cells neurons ependymal cells

ependymal cells

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase. True False

false

The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system. True False

false

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place. True False

false

If EPSPs summate to a sustained value above threshold, then the initial segment will __________. generate both large and frequent action potentials inactivate generate a string of action potentials generate larger than normal action potentials

generate a string of action potentials

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. postsynaptic potential generator potential excitatory potential action potential

generator potential

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that is important in learning and memory? glycine gamma aminobutyric acid glutamate noradrenaline serotonin

glutamate

A typical spinal nerve has a __________ ramus consisting of unmyelinated axons that innervate smooth muscles. dorsal ventral gray whitw

gray

The six projections from the gray matter seen in cross-sections of the spinal cord are called __________. pyramids flares tracts horns

horns

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called fibers. wings. tracts. pyramids. horns.

horns.

Voltage-gated channels are present on the surface of dendrites. on the soma of neurons. at the motor end plate. along the perikaryon of neurons. in the membrane that covers axons.

in the membrane that covers axons.

Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode? increased heart rate REM sleep increased oxygen use increased gastrointestinal activity

increased gastrointestinal activity

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei? regulating attention and cognition controlling starting and stopping movements initiating protective reflex actions inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements

initiating protective reflex actions

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF? reduction of brain weight protection from blows initiation of some nerve impulses nourishment of the brain

initiation of some nerve impulses

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. visceral innate somatic vegetative acquired

innate

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? innervation of glands innervation of skeletal muscle innervation of cardiac muscle innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract

innervation of skeletal muscle

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus? integration center sensory neuron receptor effecto

integration center

The most abundant category of neurons is __________. somatic afferents somatic motor interneurons visceral motor

interneurons

Broca's area ________. is usually found in the right hemisphere serves the recognition of complex objects is considered a motor speech area corresponds to Brodmann's area 8

is considered a motor speech area

Declarative memory ________. is hard to unlearn when learned once usually involves motor skills is best remembered in the doing is the ability to learn specific information

is the ability to learn specific information

If a nerve cell receives many IPSPs at the same time, __________. the membrane potential will depolarize it will show temporal summation the nerve cell will approach threshold the nerve cell will be strongly excited

it will show temporal summation

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus? cauda equina roots of sacral spinal nerves sacrum laminae of thoracic vertebrae

laminae of thoracic vertebrae

Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. posterior spinothalamic anterior spinothalamic lateral spinothalamic reticulospinal

lateral spinothalamic

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. lateral sulcus central sulcus cranial fossa longitudinal fissure

lateral sulcus

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. block autonomic regulation. affect visceral motor function. interfere with position sense. lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. abdominal leg facial intercostal shoulder

leg

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? central fissure parieto-occipital fissure lateral fissure longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________. loss of body temperature control pathologic sleep loss of proprioception production of excessive quantities of urine

loss of proprioception

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? inability to breathe problems with moving his legs uncontrollable sweating of his feet loss of sensation in his torso problems with moving his arms

loss of sensation in his torso

Graded potentials produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface. are often all-or-none. may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization. cause repolarization. produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.

may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. cerebrum midbrain medulla pons

medulla

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? thalamus medulla prefrontal cortex hippocampus

medulla

Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning? reticular formation pons medulla oblongata midbrain

medulla oblongata

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions diffusion of sodium ions into the cell diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)? decussation memory somatotopy relay

memory

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia? secretion of cerebrospinal fluid memory support phagocytosis maintenance of blood-brain barrier

memory

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. nutrients such as glucose metabolic waste such as urea alcohol anesthetics

metabolic waste such as urea

After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region? oligodendrocytes ependymal cells Schwann cells satellite cells microglia

microglia

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? ependymal cells oligodendrocytes microglia astrocytes

microglia

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called astrocytes. ependymal cells. satellite cells. microglia. oligodendrocytes.

microglia.

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure? cerebrum midbrain diencephalon medulla oblongata

midbrain

The brain stem consists of the ________. midbrain, medulla, and pons pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain midbrain only cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Which of the following would increase the membrane permeability to K+? more K+ leakage channels more negative membrane potential more Na+ leakage channels a greater concentration gradient for K+

more K+ leakage channels

Which of the following types of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS)? motor association sensory afferent

motor

Which of the choices below describes the ANS? motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________. motor neurons peripheral neurons axons afferent fibers

motor neurons

Most CNS neurons fall into which structural category? anaxonic unipolar bipolar multipolar

multipolar

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________. multipolar divergent convergent reverberating

multipolar

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? multipolar efferent sensory interneurons

multipolar

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called bipolar. unipolar. multipolar. anaxonic. tripolar.

multipolar.

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except parallel processing. reverberating. convergent. divergent. multipolar.

multipolar.

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is pseudopolar. multipolar. bipolar. unipolar. anaxonic.

multipolar.

The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________. gamma motor neuron extrafusal fibers muscle spindle efferent fibers

muscle spindle

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly unmyelinated axons. Schwann cells. myelinated and unmyelinated axons. neuroglia. nodes of Ranvier.

myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers unmyelinated nerve fibers only soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers myelinated nerve fibers only

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord? neuroglia unmyelinated axons neuron cell bodies myelinated axons

myelinated axons

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. negatively charged and contains more sodium negatively charged and contains less sodium positively charged and contains more sodium positively charged and contains less sodium

negatively charged and contains less sodium

Each of the following is an example of a neuroeffector junction, except the junction between a neuron and a(n) smooth muscle cell. exocrine gland cell. skeletal muscle cell. nerve cell. endocrine gland cell.

nerve cell

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly nerve cell bodies. funiculi. columns. nerve tracts. meninges.

nerve cell bodies.

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________.

neuron

When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all these effects are possible, except a decrease in blood flow. action potentials are generated spontaneously. a decrease in available oxygen. neurons are triggered to divide. glial cells degenerate.

neurons are triggered to divide.

Which of these neurotransmitters do adrenergic synapses use? nitric oxide GABA acetylcholine norepinephrine

norepinephrine

Which of these neurotransmitters is released at CNS adrenergic synapses? norepinephrine GABA serotonin adrenaline

norepinephrine

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. serotonin. dopamine. GABA. norepinephrine.

norepinephrine.

The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the ________ plexus. lumbar nuchal sacral brachial cervical

nuchal

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? acetycholine biogenic amine nucleic acid ATP and other purines amino acid

nucleic acid

In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________. neurons muscle cells Schwann cells oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. ependymal cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes microglia

oligodendrocytes

Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc? output to upper motor neuron integration process in the CNS output to a peripheral effector receptor activation

output to upper motor neuron

An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. hemiplegia paraplegia spinal shock only quadriplegia

paraplegia

Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? reverberating circuits pre-discharge circuits converging circuits diverging circuits

pre-discharge circuits

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? prefrontal cortex posterior association area limbic association area combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

prefrontal cortex

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. spinal cord rubrospinal tracts primary motor cortex premotor cortex

premotor cortex

The neurotransmitter GABA blocks presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Consequently, GABA produces __________. EPSPs presynaptic facilitation presynaptic inhibition IPSPs

presynaptic inhibition

Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement? primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas Broca's area; posterior association area; auditory areas; visual areas primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; prefrontal cortex; gustatory cortex primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. limbic system pyramids reticular formation thalamus

reticular formation

Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing? diverging circuit parallel after-discharge circuit reverberating circuit converging circuit

reverberating circuit

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? satellite cells oligodendrocytes ependymal cells astrocytes microglia

satellite cells

Which of these types of neuroglia are abundant in peripheral ganglia? microglia oligodendrocytes astrocytes satellite cells

satellite cells

Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are oligodendrocytes. satellite cells. ependymal cells. astrocytes. microglia.

satellite cells.

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. perineal femoral pudendal brachial sciatic

sciatic

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve. femoral obturator genitofemoral saphenous sciatic

sciatic

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. output to skeletal muscles would be blocked. output to visceral organs would be blocked. sensory input would be blocked. the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord

sensory input would be blocked.

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly somatic motor nuclei. nerve tracts. sensory nuclei. autonomic motor nuclei. sympathetic nuclei.

sensory nuclei

Which pattern of neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid and automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response? oscillative processing parallel processing serial processing reflexive processing

serial processing

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? moves membrane potential away from threshold short distance hyperpolarization short distance depolarization opens K+ or Cl- channels

short distance hyperpolarization

Which of the following activities or sensations is not monitored by interoceptors? activities of the digestive system urinary activities cardiovascular activities taste sight

sight

Which of the following best characterizes depolarization? small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length small consecutive steps of Na+ exit from cytoplasm into extracellular fluid small consecutive steps of K+ entering the cytoplasm mass movement of Na+ into the axon cytoplasm from the cell body to the terminal

small consecutive steps of Na+ penetration into the axon along its length

When cholinergic receptors are stimulated, chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. sodium ions leave the postsynaptic neuron. sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. norepinephrine deactivates acetylcholine. chloride ions leave the postsynaptic neuron.

sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. sympathetic autonomic afferent somatic parasympathetic

somatic

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly autonomic motor nuclei. sympathetic nuclei. nerve tracts. sensory nuclei. somatic motor nuclei.

somatic motor nuclei.

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated temporal summation. spatial summation. inhibition of the impulse. impulse transmission. hyperpolarization.

spatial summation.

Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? afferent nerve fibers cranial nerves spinal nerves spinal cord

spinal cord

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________. spinal cord may be affected telencephalon would cease development cranial nerves would not form hindbrain would not be present

spinal cord may be affected

The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS. spinal cord; spinal nerve cranial nerve; spinal nerve spinal nerve; spinal cord brain; spinal cord

spinal cord; spinal nerve

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the spinal mater. cranial mater. spinal meninges. epidural membranes. cranial meninges.

spinal meninges

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a cervical enlargement. lumbar enlargement. spinal ganglion. spinal meninx. spinal nerve.

spinal nerve.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________. subarachnoid space pia mater subdural space dura mater

subarachnoid space

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the pia mater. subarachnoid space. arachnoid mater. filum terminale. dura mater.

subarachnoid space.

Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form sympathetic nerves. dorsal rami. gray rami. white rami. ventral rami.

sympathetic nerves.

The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the hillock. synaptic terminals. telodendria. synapse. collateral.

synapse.

If the chemically-gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked, smaller action potentials would result. the presynaptic neuron would release a different neurotransmitter. the presynaptic membrane would be unable to reach threshold. synaptic transmission would fail. release of neurotransmitter would stop.

synaptic transmission would fail.

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as dendrites. terminals. collaterals. telodendria. synapses.

telodendria.

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. frontal lobe prefrontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe

temporal lobe

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs? decrease in speed of impulse transmission spatial summation temporal summation inhibition of the impulse hyperpolarization

temporal summation

REM sleep is associated with ________. decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex. tendon reciprocal flexor stretch

tendon

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. flexor stretch tendon reciprocal crossed extensor

tendon

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______. pyramidal tracts primary motor cortex thalamus medulla oblongata

thalamus

Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________. medulla thalamus somatosensory cortex spinal cord

thalamus

Which part of the brain is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex? thalamus hypothalamus mesencephalon pons

thalamus

Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS

the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. sympathetic ganglia the thalamus the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

The subdural space lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. the endosteum and the periosteum. the pia mater and the subarachnoid space. the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. the pia mater and the dura mater.

the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials. the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase. the neuron will slowly depolarize. the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal. the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will ncrease.

the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell proteins have been resynthesized the membrane potential has been reestablished all sodium gates are closed

the membrane potential has been reestablished

If the axon terminal of a motor neuron suddenly became permeable to calcium ion, neurotransmitter release will be blocked. the motor end plate will be hyperpolarized. the motor end plate will be depolarized. the neuron will become unable to stimulate the muscle cell. the neuron will fire an action potential.

the motor end plate will be depolarized.

A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called the postsynaptic neuron. an oligodendrocyte. an interneuron. the motor neuron. the presynaptic neuron.

the postsynaptic neuron.

Which of the following allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles? the afferent division of the nervous system the somatic nervous system the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

the somatic nervous system

A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei. True False

true

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane. True False

true

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system. True False

true

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. True False

true

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. True False

true

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative. True False

true

Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers. True False

true

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain. True False

true

Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor. True False

true

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex. acquired motor somatic visceral

visceral

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? somatic motor control center gateway to the cerebellum visceral control center of the body relay station for the special senses

visceral control center of the body

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. gustatory cortex vestibular cortex olfactory cortex visceral sensory area

visceral sensory area

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex? sensory areas motor areas association areas visual areas

visual areas

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. primary visual area visual association area lateral geniculate body calcarine cortex

visual association area

Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted? diameter of the axon presence or absence of nodes length of the axon whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS presence or absence of a myelin sheath

whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except the motor response. where information processing occurs. their development. the complexity of the neural circuit. whether they are sensory or motor.

whether they are sensory or motor.

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the central canal. gray commissures. posterior gray horns. white columns. anterior gray horns.

white columns.

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the dermatomes. ventral ramus. gray rami communicantes. dorsal ramus. white rami communicantes.

white rami communicantes.

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains the ability of neurons to generate an action potential. the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential. why CNS neurons grow such long axons. why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.

why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts normal in newborns why you close your eyes when you sneeze abnormal in adults

why you close your eyes when you sneeze

The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse. 1. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal. 3. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine. 4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 5. The synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline. 6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 7. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal. The correct sequence for these events is 2, 5, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3. 4, 2, 6, 7, 8, 5, 3, 1. 4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5. 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5. 6, 4, 2, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.

4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5

Active neurons need ATP to support which of the following? the movement of materials from the soma by axoplasmic transport the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules the recovery from action potentials the movement of materials to the soma by axoplasmic transport All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential. a voltage-gated a sodium a mechanically-gated a chemically-gated All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

What conditions will increase the diffusion of molecules, such as neurotransmitters? An increase in the distance between the neurons. An increased viscosity of the fluid between neurons. An increase in number of postsynaptic receptors. An increase in the amount of neurotransmitter exocytized by the presynaptic axon.

An increase in the amount of neurotransmitter exocytized by the presynaptic axon.

How is an action potential propagated along an axon? Stimuli from the graded (local) potentials from the soma and dendrites depolarize the entire axon. An efflux of potassium from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area. An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area

An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area

________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons. Sensory Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar Anaxonic

Anaxonic

Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron's resting potential? Potassium ions are repulsed by positive charges outside the cell. Chemical forces tend to drive potassium ions out of the cell. Potassium ions are attracted to the negative charges inside the cell. Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell. Chemical and electrical forces both favor sodium ions entering the cell.

Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell.

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface. Mechanically-gated Active Voltage-gated Chemically-gated Leak

Mechanically-gated

Which of the following is NOT true of association neurons? Association neurons account for over 99% of the neurons in the body. Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Association neurons are also known as interneurons. Most association neurons are multipolar.

Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called perikaryon. neurofibrils. microglia. Nissl bodies. neurofilaments.

Nissl bodies.

In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________. PNS; PNS; CNS CNS; CNS; PNS PNS; CNS; PNS CNS; PNS; CNS

PNS; CNS; PNS

Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? Schwann cells astrocytes satellite cells oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by satellite cells. astrocytes. microglia. oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells.

Schwann cells.

________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS. Sensory Neural sensory Somatic sensory Visceral sensory Motor

Sensory

Compared to type A axons, type C axons are __________. slower propagating unmyelinated smaller diameter Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

If the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ion: the inside of the membrane will have a positive charge the membrane will depolarize to threshold a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential the membrane will depolarize to +30 mV sodium ions will enter the cell to replace the lost potassium ions

a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential

A stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is: a saltatory stimulus an excitatory stimulus an inhibitory stimulus a depolarizing stimulus a temporal stimulus

an inhibitory stimulus

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction senses changes in the environment

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Products from the soma of a neuron are transported to the synaptic terminals by ________ axoplasmic transport.

anterograde

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. association neuron glial cell efferent neuron afferent neuron

association neuron

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________. microglia oligodendrocytes Schwann cells astrocytes

astrocytes

Which is the largest and most abundant type of neuroglia? astrocytes ependymal cells satellite cells oligodendrocytes

astrocytes

Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area __________. do not understand language can communicate through writing or sign language, but they cannot speak can understand language, but have difficulty speaking do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly

can understand language, but have difficulty speaking

All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they involve at least two neurons. are automatic motor responses. are the simplest form of behavior. cannot be modified by the brain. help preserve homeostasis.

cannot be modified by the brain.

The afferent division of the PNS _____________. controls smooth muscle carries sensory information carries motor commands controls skeletal muscle

carries sensory information

Which of these components is usually absent from a neuron? centrioles cell body dendrites axons

centrioles

Branches that may occur along an axon are called hillocks. synapses. collaterals. telodendria. synaptic terminals.

collaterals.

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as ganglia. nuclei. columns. nerves. horns.

columns

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres? internal capsules commissures association fibers projection fibers

commissures

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? dendrites unmyelinated axons fiber tracts cell bodies

fiber tracts

A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________. prevents a muscle from overstretching moves a limb away from a painful stimulus prevents a muscle from generating excessive tension is an example of a monosynaptic reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

Saltatory propagation occurs in _________ axons, in which action potentials _________. Select the best answer. myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another unmyelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another unmyelinated; spread by depolarizing the adjacent region of the axon membrane myelinated; move continuously along the axon toward the axon hillock

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another

Which of the following are bundles of neurofilaments that are important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons? perikaryon axolemma chromatophilic substance neurofibrils

neurofibrils

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. cholinesterase neurotransmitter ion biogenic amine

neurotransmitter

Which of these neurotransmitters does not bind to a plasma membrane receptor? GABA nitric oxide serotonin norepinephrine

nitric oxide

Which of the following types of glial cells produces the myelin sheaths that insulate axons, or nerve fibers, in the central nervous system (CNS)? ependymal cells astrocytes microglia oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by ependymal cells. astrocytes. microglia. satellite cells. oligodendrocytes.

oligodendrocytes.

Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? pia mater meningeal layer of the dura mater periosteal layer of the dura mater arachnoid mater

pia mater

Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus? fourth ventricle cerebral aqueduct pia mater subarachnoid space

pia mater

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the epidural space. pia mater. subarachnoid space. dura mater. subdural space.

pia mater.

Which best represents synaptic transmission? presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body presynaptic axon to synapse to postsynaptic axon presynaptic axon to presynaptic cell body to dendrite presynaptic cell body to dendrite to synapse

presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? Wernicke's area postcentral gyrus red nuclei gustatory cortex

red nuclei

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________. stimulus response enhancement reinforcement nerve injury

reinforcement

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? emotional responses regulation of body temperature secretion of the hormone melatonin regulation of food intake

secretion of the hormone melatonin

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the dura mater. cerebral ventricles. arachnoid mater. subarachnoid space. epidural space.

subarachnoid space.

Opioids relieve pain by blocking the release of substance Q. substance P. substance X. substance O. None of the answers are correct.

substance P.

Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the __________. hypothalamic nuclei basal nuclei substantia nigra reticular formation

substantia nigra

The __________ nervous system controls glandular secretion. sympathetic parasympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent

sympathetic and parasympathetic

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. the impulse would move to the axon terminal only muscle contraction would occur the impulse would spread bidirectionally the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur

the impulse would spread bidirectionally

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other. True False

true

Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte. True False

true

NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate. True False

true

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups. True False

true

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. spinal nerve roots lower motor neurons neuromotor junction upper motor neurons

upper motor neurons

The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. ventral ramus white rami communicantes gray rami communicantes dorsal ramus dermatomes

ventral ramus

Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic terminals. vesicles. mitochondria. neurosomes. telodendria.

vesicles

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization. 3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold. 5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6. Sodium channel activation occurs. 7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. The proper sequence of these events is 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1. 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5. 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1. 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5. 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5.

4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following? neurofibrils vesicles neurotubules mitochondria All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the characteristics of the receptors. the nature of the neurotransmitter. the quantity of neurotransmitters released. the frequency of neurotransmitter release. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates: heart muscle cells skeletal muscle cells smooth muscle cells glandular cells All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following? adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid guiding neuron development maintaining the blood-brain barrier repairing damaged neural tissue All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a recognized class of opioid neuromodulators? dynorphins endomorphins enkephalins endorphins All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block? It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection. It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

During propagation of the action potential, __________. local currents depolarize a spot adjacent to the active zone after threshold is reached, sodium channels open rapidly the axon hillock depolarizes the initial segment All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

The effect of a nerve impulse on a postsynaptic neuron depends on the __________. kind of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron quantity of neurotransmitter released characteristics of the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc? receptor activation afferent action potential efferent action potential All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Satellite cells Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate? It would be much briefer. It would last indefinitely. It would be basically unaffected.

It would last indefinitely.

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about L1. C1. L5. T10. T6.

L1.

In anterograde amnesia ______. there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected declarative memory is not significantly altered

LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? Ions always move passively across membranes. Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

What happens just after an axon is depolarized to threshold? Some potassium channels open. All potassium channels open. All sodium channels open. Some sodium channels open.

Some sodium channels open.

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) blocks voltage-gated K+ channels such that K+ cannot pass even when the channels are open. However, TEA leaves K+ leakage channels largely unaffected. How would you expect the action potential to change if you treated a neuron with TEA? The action potential would fail. Once the voltage reached threshold, it would return to the resting membrane potential. The membrane would depolarize and repolarize as usual, but no hyperpolarization beyond (more negative to) the resting membrane potential would occur. The action potential would depolarize as usual, but the repolarization phase would take longer, causing the action potential to be more broad in time. The membrane would depolarize as usual but then stay at that depolarized voltage (about +30 mV).

The action potential would depolarize as usual, but the repolarization phase would take longer, causing the action potential to be more broad in time.

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons? Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase. None, because the chemically-gated sodium channels would still function. Neurons would depolarize more rapidly. The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal. The axon would be unable to generate action potentials

The axon would be unable to generate action potentials

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri. The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

If the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential? The inside of the membrane will become more negative. There will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential. The membrane will become depolarized. The membrane will depolarize to threshold. The inside of the membrane will become more positive.

The inside of the membrane will become more negative.

Which of the following statements about the action potential is false? During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive. Repolarization occurs as potassium ions leave the axon. In the after-hyperpolarization phase, membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential. During the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open. The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron? The soma becomes unable to export products to the synaptic terminals. The neuron becomes unable to produce neurotransmitters. The neuron becomes unable to produce action potentials. The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon. The neuron becomes unable to depolarize when stimulated.

The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

Select the correct statement regarding synapses. The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another. Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapases. Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.

The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children? Alpha Delta Theta Beta

Theta

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. They conduct impulses. They have extreme longevity. They are mitotic.

They are mitotic.

Which statement best characterizes a K+ leak channel? Common trans-membrane channels are always open for any ion to move through in the presence of K+. Chemically gated K+ channels that open and close according to the binding of other molecules. Trans-membrane protein channels that are always open to allow K+ to cross the membrane without the additional input of energy. Trans-membrane channels that use energy to allow the movement of K+ across the membrane.

Trans-membrane protein channels that are always open to allow K+ to cross the membrane without the additional input of energy

Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called anaxonic. bipolar. multipolar. unipolar. tripolar.

anaxonic.

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? cholinesterase gamma aminobutyric acid acetylcholine norepinephrine

acetylcholine

The obturator nerve is distributed to the skin over buttocks. skin over the perineum. extensors of the hip. adductors of the hip. biceps femoris.

adductors of the hip.

The all-or-none principle states that all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. only motor stimuli can activate action potentials. only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the periosteum. arachnoid. epidural block. pia mater. dura mater.

dura mater.

The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the perineurium. endomysium. epineurium. endoneurium. epimysium.

epineurium.

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron? inhibitory postsynaptic potential inhibitory action potential excitatory postsynaptic potential action potential

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? visceral command center decussation center executive suite motor command center

executive suite

Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in loss of sensation and motor control. decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid. a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. loss of the structural framework of the brain. inability to produce scar tissue a the site of an injury.

loss of sensation and motor control.