Chapter 11 & 12 Science Tests

Which phase of the cell cycle is described? Organelles and materials needed for DNA synthesis are made.

G1 phase

Analyze the cell cycle diagrams of two different types of cells. Compare and contrast the length of time each cell takes to complete each phase of the cycle. Match the event to the correct phase of the cell cycle: Cells grow at a rate that is the same in the two cell types.

G2

Which phase of the cell cycle is described? Proteins and other materials needed for cell division are synthesized.

G2 phase

Mitochondria are often described as the powerhouses of the cell. Genetic disorders can occur when mitochondrial mutations occur. For example, a condition called Kearns-Sayre syndrome is caused by deletions in the mitochondrial DNA. This genetic disorder causes weakness of the muscles and other symptoms because the mitochondria are not able to provide sufficient energy to the cells. The diagram shows possible phenotypes of children with an affected parent, or parent who has the diseases. How is Kearns-Sayre disorder inherited? Select the best explanation.

Genetic disorders caused by mitochondrial mutations are examples of cytoplasmic inheritance. Only mothers transmit mitochondrial genetic disorders to their children. The male gametes have little cytoplasm. They do not contribute mitochondria to the embryos.

One dog is heterozygous for black fur (Bb), and its mate is homozygous for blonde fur (bb). The Punnett square describes a cross between the two dogs. What is the expected outcome of the cross?

Half of the offspring are heterozygous black (Bb); half are blonde (bb)

Mendel was a careful researcher who studied the inheritance of certain traits in garden peas. Which research practices did Mendel not use?

He allowed eggs to be fertilized only by self-pollination.

Which is label B indicating?

Histone proteins

Which event occurs in prophase I of meiosis, but not prophase of mitosis?

Homologous chromosomes pair to form a tetrad, and may cross over.

Red blood cells carry antigens on their surfaces coded for by alleles of the gene represented by the letter I. The allele IA is dominant to i and produces antigen A on the surface of red blood cells. The allele IB is also dominant to the i allele and produces antigen B on the surface of red blood cells. The i allele does not produce surface antigens. What are the possible genotypes of a person with type A blood? I. IAIA II. IAIB III. IAi

I and III

The development of insects such as the fruit fly, Drosophila, consists of two phases. The larva emerges from the egg and after a period of growth, changes into an adult. The adult insect is very different from the larva. The precursor cells for the adult structures are present in small clusters (the imaginal discs) inside the larva. During the larval stage the disc cells do not play a role. However, during metamorphosis the disc cells start to divide and develop into specific adult structures. Compare and contrast the Drosophila development to the development of C. elegans.

In both C. elegans and Drosophila, a cell's final specialization can be mapped early in the animal's development.

The development of insects such as the fruit fly, Drosophila, consists of two phases. The larva emerges from the egg and after a period of growth, changes into an adult. The adult insect is very different from the larva. The precursor cells for the adult structures are present in small clusters (the imaginal discs) inside the larva. During the larval stage the disc cells do not play a role. However, during metamorphosis the disc cells start to divide and develop into specific adult structures. Compare and contrast the Drosophila development to the development of C. elegans.

In both C. elegans and Drosophila, cells differentiate into a number of distinct cell types.

The Punnett square shown below describes a cross between two pea plants. The letter T represents the dominant allele for tall plant height, and the letter t represents the recessive allele for short plant height. What were the genotypes of the parents that produced the offspring in the Punnett square?

Tt for both parents

These homologous chromosomes carry different alleles of the wild type and mutant type in the fruit fly Drosophila. A cell with the homologous chromosomes undergoes meiosis, and gametes are produced. Is it possible for a chromosome of a gamete to contain the alleles for gray body and brown eyes?

Yes, because homologous chromosomes may exchange segments by crossing over during meiosis.

Which two genes are most likely to be affected by a crossing-over event?

a pair of genes located at opposite ends of a chromosome

What structure is found in prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells?

a single, circular DNA chromosome found in the cytoplasm

The events of mitosis are divided into four phases. 1 Prophase: chromatin forms visible chromosomes; spindles form 2 Metaphase: chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle; centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned 3 Anaphase: centromeres split and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell; each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell 4 Telophase: daughter cells are formed; nuclear envelopes reappear and chromosomes become chromatin added to Which phase is shown in #4?

telophase

Which of the following is NOT a useful purpose is served by cell division in a multicellular organism?

to ensure all cells remain undifferentiated

Meiosis is a process that reduces chromosomes to the haploid number, provides genetic _________, and ensures the correct distribution of chromosomes into the gametes.

variation

A yellow seeded, purple flowered heterozygous plant (YyPp) is crossed with a green seeded, white flower plant (yypp). (Y = yellow seed allele; y = green seed allele; P = purple flower allele; p = white flower allele) What is the probability that an offspring of this cross produces plants with green seeds and white flowers? Assume the traits assort independently.

0.25

In cattle, if a red cow is crossed with a white bull, a mixture of red and white color, called roan, is produced in the F1 generation. Crosses between animals in the F1 generation produce white, roan, and red cattle in the F2 generation. What is the ratio of the expected offspring in the F2 generation?

1 red to 2 roan to 1 white

One dog is heterozygous for black fur (Bb), and its mate is homozygous for blonde fur (bb). The Punnett square describes a cross between the two dogs. The first litter of the two dogs produces 3 puppies that each had black fur. If the dogs have a second litter, what is the probability of one of the puppies having black fur?

50%

How many different gametes can be produced by a tall, yellow-seeded, purple- flowered, and wrinkled-seeded pea plant? The genotype of the pea plant is TtYyPprr.

8

A human cell that carries a double set of chromosomes is called a diploid cell. The cell contains 2N = 46, number of chromosomes. One allele of each gene is located on each homologous chromosome. In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces haploid gametes with one of each kind of chromosome. In humans, these cells contain N = _______ number of chromosomes.

23

A gardener crosses a true-breeding tall tomato plant bearing red fruit with a true-breeding dwarf tomato plant with yellow fruit. In tomatoes, tall vine (T) is dominant to dwarf vine (t), and red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r). The results are labeled the F1 generation. Then the gardener allows F1 plants to reproduce by self-pollination, generating the F2 generation. The Punnett square shows the predicted results of the F2 generation. Some of the entries in the Punnett square are missing. What are the expected phenotype ratios in the F2 generation?

9 tall vine/red fruit; 3 tall vine/yellow fruit; 3 dwarf vine/red fruit; 1 dwarf vine/yellow fruit

Study the Punnett square shown here. It describes the potential offspring of a cross between two parents. What phenotypes will be shown by the offspring?

All offspring will show the dominant phenotype for this trait.

What type of pattern of inheritance is represented by the genetics of human blood types? A. IA and IB show incomplete dominance because both alleles are partially expressed in blood type A and B. B. The human blood types are an example of polygenic traits with four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, O. C. IA and IB show codominance because both alleles are equally expressed in blood type AB. D. The human blood type gene is an example of a gene with multiple alleles: IA, IB, i.

C and D

Cells have an abnormal nucleus

Cancer Cells

The cells are non-differentiated cells

Cancer Cells

The cells undergo metastatis

Cancer Cells

Analyze the cell cycle diagrams of two different types of cells. Compare and contrast the length of time each cell takes to complete the G1 phase of the cycle. The two cells are provided with nutrients for growth. After 35 hours, which is the most likely observation of the cells?

Cell 2 has divided twice, while Cell 1 has divided once.

What happens to the two cells formed at the end of meiosis I?

Chromosomes do not replicate and the paired chromatids separate and four haploid daughter cells are formed during meiosis II.

Which is label A indicating?

Coils and supercoils

Which is label D indicating?

DNA double helix

Look at the picture. What does it represent?

Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized.

Analyze the cell cycle diagrams of two different types of cells. Compare and contrast the length of time each cell takes to complete each phase of the cycle. Match the event to the correct phase of the cell cycle: Cells grow at a rate that varies between the two cell types.

G1

Analyze the cell cycle diagrams of two different types of cells. Compare and contrast the length of time each cell takes to complete each phase of the cycle. Match the event to the correct phase of the cell cycle: The cell nucleus and the cytoplasm divide among two new cells.

M

Which phase of the cell cycle is described? Chromatids are distributed to the two daughter nuclei.

M phase

Coat color in rabbits is inherited by multiple alleles for a single gene. The table describes the genes and their inheritance. Would it be possible to obtain a rabbit with Chinchilla coat color if one parent is white and the other parent has a Himalayan coat color?

No, because the parents have no alleles for Chinchilla.

Cells have a normal nucleus

Normal Cells

Cells with DNA damage undergo apoptosis

Normal Cells

The cells are differentiated and specialized

Normal Cells

Which is label C indicating?

Nucleosome

Analyze the cell cycle diagrams of two different types of cells. Compare and contrast the length of time each cell takes to complete each phase of the cycle. Match the event to the correct phase of the cell cycle: DNA is synthesized, and single-stranded chromatids become double stranded.

S

Which phase of the cell cycle is described? At the end of this phase, each chromosome is made up of two chromatids.

S phase

At present, stem cell-based therapies are the clinical standard of care for only a few conditions, including leukemia and macular degeneration. Before stem cell therapies can be ethically approved for other conditions, all of the safety assessments below should be confirmed except for which one?

Stem cell treatment should not overrun costs.

Paramecium is a single-celled protozoan. The graph shows a typical growth curve for a colony of Paramecium. Two Paramecium cells sometimes engage in a sexual process in which genetic materials are exchanged, but no new cells are produced. Which additional observation would provides the strongest evidence that Paramecium reproduces asexually?

The cells in the colony are genetically identical.

Which of the following happens when cancer occurs?

The control of the cell cycle is impaired.

Look at the picture. What does it represent?

The inner mass of cells of the blastocyst will form the specialized cells in the body.

If a cubical cell with 2-cm sides doubles the dimensions of its sides, what change occurs to the ratio of its surface area to volume?

The ratio is halved.

Which of the following statements is not typical for cancer cells?

They undergo apoptosis.

Mendel studied 7 traits in pea plants. One of the monohybrid crosses he made was between plants with round seeds (R) and plants with wrinkled seeds (r). All of the seeds in the F1 generation had a round shape. Next, Mendel allowed the peas in the F1 generation to self-pollinate, forming the F2 generation. What describes Mendel's observations and conclusion about the F2 generation?

Three fourths of the F2 plants show the round seed phenotype and carry the dominant allele for roundness.

A human cell that carries a double set of chromosomes is called a diploid cell. The cell contains 2N = 46, number of chromosomes. One __________of each gene is located on each homologous chromosome. In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces haploid gametes with one of each kind of chromosome. In humans, these cells contain N = 23 number of chromosomes.

allele

The events of mitosis are divided into four phases. 1 Prophase: chromatin forms visible chromosomes; spindles form 2 Metaphase: chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle; centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned 3 Anaphase: centromeres split and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell; each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell 4 Telophase: daughter cells are formed; nuclear envelopes reappear and chromosomes become chromatin added to Which phase is shown in #3?

anaphase

This process causes death of abnormal cells.

apoptosis

This process decreases the number of body cells.

apoptosis

This process regulates the cell cycle.

apoptosis

If an organism is successful in a particular environment, ______________ reproduction is ____________.

asexual, advantageous

Bacteria reproduce _______ through cell fission. However, in another process, a tube of cytoplasm can temporarily connect two bacterial cells. Some DNA passes through this tube. Like ________ reproduction, this process causes genetic variation. However, it does not produce offspring.

asexually, sexual

The p53 protein is involved in DNA repair and in triggering cell death when repair is not possible. Which of the following is not a reason why some cancers are associated with defective p53 genes?

because in cells with damaged DNA, p53 protein levels rise and cause apoptosis

Japanese scientists were able to create pluripotent stem cells (iPS), a type of stem cell that is similar to embryonic stem cells. The researchers were then able to grow heart and brain cells from these stem cells. Which type of cell is described by the following statement: can possibly be used for therapeutic treatments

both types of stem cells

Japanese scientists were able to create pluripotent stem cells (iPS), a type of stem cell that is similar to embryonic stem cells. The researchers were then able to grow heart and brain cells from these stem cells. Which type of cell is described by the following statement: heart, brain, and other differentiated cells can grow from them

both types of stem cells

This process increases the number of body cells.

cell division

This process produces specialized cells.

cell division

This process repairs injuries.

cell division

The ________ is the point of attachment for sister chromatids.

centromere

The ________ is an area from which the spindle fibers extend.

centrosome

The ________ consists of coiled and condensed chromatin.

chromosome

Meiosis is a process that reduces chromosomes to the haploid number, provides genetic variation, and ensures the correct distribution of _________ into the gametes.

chromosomes

In cattle, if a red cow is crossed with a white bull, a mixture of red and white color, called roan, is produced in the F1 generation. Crosses between animals in the F1 generation produce white, roan, and red cattle in the F2 generation. What is the pattern of inheritance in these types of cattle?

codominance

Japanese scientists were able to create pluripotent stem cells (iPS), a type of stem cell that is similar to embryonic stem cells. The researchers were then able to grow heart and brain cells from these stem cells. Which type of cell is described by the following statement: are made from mouse fibroblasts

iPS cells

A human cell that carries a double set of chromosomes is called a _____________ cell. The cell contains 2N = 46, number of chromosomes. One allele of each gene is located on each homologous chromosome. In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces haploid gametes with one of each kind of chromosome. In humans, these cells contain N = 23 number of chromosomes.

diploid

If the side of a cubical cell doubled, what would the cell then require? Select all the correct answers.

eight times more nutrients,to excrete eight times more waste

Japanese scientists were able to create pluripotent stem cells (iPS), a type of stem cell that is similar to embryonic stem cells. The researchers were then able to grow heart and brain cells from these stem cells. Which type of cell is described by the following statement: are made from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

embryonic stem cells

In order to fly effectively, the body temperature of the Western white butterfly needs to be 28-40oC. more pigmentation allows a butterfly to reach the warm body temperature faster. In hot summer months, less pigmentation prevents the butterflies from overheating. In this case, _____________ conditions affect the phenotype and influence genetically determined traits of the butterfly.

environmental

Meiosis is a process that reduces chromosomes to the haploid number, provides genetic variation, and ensures the correct distribution of chromosomes into the ___________.

gametes

A human cell that carries a double set of chromosomes is called a diploid cell. The cell contains 2N = 46, number of chromosomes. One allele of each _____________ is located on each homologous chromosome. In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces haploid gametes with one of each kind of chromosome. In humans, these cells contain N = 23 number of chromosomes.

gene

In order to fly effectively, the body temperature of the Western white butterfly needs to be 28-40oC. more pigmentation allows a butterfly to reach the warm body temperature faster. In hot summer months, less pigmentation prevents the butterflies from overheating. In this case, environmental conditions affect the phenotype and influence ____________ of the butterfly.

genetically determined traits

A human cell that carries a double set of chromosomes is called a diploid cell. The cell contains 2N = 46, number of chromosomes. One allele of each gene is located on each homologous chromosome. In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces _____________ gametes with one of each kind of chromosome. In humans, these cells contain N = 23 number of chromosomes.

haploid

Meiosis is a process that reduces chromosomes to the ___________ number, provides genetic variation, and ensures the correct distribution of chromosomes into the gametes.

haploid

A human cell that carries a double set of chromosomes is called a diploid cell. The cell contains 2N = 46, number of chromosomes. One allele of each gene is located on each _____________ chromosome. In sexual reproduction, meiosis produces haploid gametes with one of each kind of chromosome. In humans, these cells contain N = 23 number of chromosomes.

homologous

Japanese scientists were able to create pluripotent stem cells (iPS), a type of stem cell that is similar to embryonic stem cells. The researchers were then able to grow heart and brain cells from these stem cells. Which type of cell is described by the following statement: are made from adult cells

iPS cells

In order to fly effectively, the body temperature of the Western white butterfly needs to be 28-40oC. more pigmentation allows a butterfly to reach the warm body temperature faster. In hot summer months, ________ pigmentation prevents the butterflies from overheating. In this case, environmental conditions affect the phenotype and influence genetically determined traits of the butterfly.

less

The events of mitosis are divided into four phases. 1 Prophase: chromatin forms visible chromosomes; spindles form 2 Metaphase: chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle; centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned 3 Anaphase: centromeres split and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell; each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell 4 Telophase: daughter cells are formed; nuclear envelopes reappear and chromosomes become chromatin added to Which phase is shown in #2?

metaphase

In order to fly effectively, the body temperature of the Western white butterfly needs to be 28-40oC. _________pigmentation allows a butterfly to reach the warm body temperature faster. In hot summer months, less pigmentation prevents the butterflies from overheating. In this case, environmental conditions affect the phenotype and influence genetically determined traits of the butterfly.

more

In order to fly effectively, the body temperature of the Western white butterfly needs to be 28-40oC. more pigmentation allows a butterfly to reach the warm body temperature faster. In hot summer months, less pigmentation prevents the butterflies from overheating. In this case, environmental conditions affect the _____________ and influence genetically determined traits of the butterfly.

phenotype

A gardener crosses a true-breeding tall tomato plant bearing red fruit with a true-breeding dwarf tomato plant with yellow fruit. In tomatoes, tall vine (T) is dominant to dwarf vine (t), and red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r). The results are labeled the F1 generation. Then the gardener allows F1 plants to reproduce by self-pollination, generating the F2 generation. The Punnett square shows the predicted results of the F2 generation. Some of the entries in the Punnett square are missing. Which is the LEAST common phenotype in the F2 generation?

plants with dwarf vines and yellow fruit

A plant's stem length distribution was graphed from the F1 generation of a cross. Seven categories of stem length phenotypes were observed. What pattern of inheritance is suggested by the graph?

polygenic inheritance

The events of mitosis are divided into four phases. 1 Prophase: chromatin forms visible chromosomes; spindles form 2 Metaphase: chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle; centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned 3 Anaphase: centromeres split and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell; each pole receives the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell 4 Telophase: daughter cells are formed; nuclear envelopes reappear and chromosomes become chromatin added to Which phase is shown in #1?

prophase

Meiosis is a process that ____________ chromosomes to the haploid number, provides genetic variation, and ensures the correct distribution of chromosomes into the gametes.

reduces

However, if an environment changes, some offspring of _________ reproduction may have a better chance of survival and reproductive success than others in a population because of _____________.

sexual, genetic variability