Chapter 11 Anthropology Homework

Which are true about the "marriage markets" (the supply of eligible spouses) of nonindustrial societies?

Potential spouses may be limited to cross cousins. Potential spouses may be limited to members of the opposite moiety. Women of descent group A must marry men from group B, while men from A must marry women from C.

The levirate is a marriage custom in which

a widow is expected to marry the brother or another close relative of her dead husband.

In industrial societies, the search for romantic relationships online has been called the online

marriage market.

The term used to describe the kinship relationship between the children of two brothers and the children of two sisters is ______, and marriage rules in many non-Western societies, such as the Yanomami, designate them as ______ sexual or marriage partners.

parallel cousin; forbidden, off limits

The property or savings that a woman brings to a marriage is referred to as ______. Such a marital gift from the bride's family may function like a trust fund to support her, or it may compensate the groom's family for what they perceive to be an added responsibility.

dowry

Marriage patterns that require individuals to find spouses outside the boundaries of their own group are called rules of

exogamy.

Among ancient Inca rulers in Peru, brother-sister marriage was required. This practice is referred to as

royal endogamy.

Polygyny

serves a political purpose in some cultures.

Marriages that involve more than two people are known as which type of marriage?

plural

What is the name of the practice in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time?

polyandry

A form of marriage in which a woman may have multiple husbands is called

polyandry.

What is the name of the practice in which a woman marries a group of brothers?

fraternal polyandry

Which of the following is an effective strategy when resources are scarce?

fraternal polyandry

In an ethnography you read about a young Tibetan monk who must return home after his monastery is attacked by the Chinese. He lives with his older brother, who is married. The younger brother (the former monk) is well-liked, does his share of the work, and begins to think about setting up his own tent, and taking his share of the yak and fields of grass. One night his brother's wife gives him her bracelet. He knows that this signifies that she is inviting him to become her second husband. If he accepts, he and his brother will share the same wife, the kind of marriage known as

fraternal polyandry.

The biological father of children is known by which anthropological term?

genitor

According to Edmund Leach, marriage can, but doesn't always, accomplish which of the following?

give either or both spouses a monopoly on the sexuality of the other establish legal parentage establish a socially significant "relationship of affinity" between spouses and their relatives give either or both spouses rights over the other's property

Instead of attempting to provide a definition of marriage that applies to all societies, British anthropologist Edmund Leach described a list that included such marriage characteristics as establishing the legal father of a woman's children and the legal mother of a man's and giving spouses a monopoly on the sexuality of the other. Leach established a list of different kinds of marital

rights.

Endogamy means marrying

inside a certain group.

Which of the following statements about incest are true?

Cultures define incest differently because they define kinship differently. It refers to sexual contact with a relative. It is socially constructed.

In general, what happens as the value of lobola increases?

Divorce becomes less frequent.

Which of the following is true about online dating?

It is still more common to seek mates offline than online.

In the Indian caste system, the castes are called

varna.

The sororate is a marriage custom in which a

widower is expected to marry the sister or another close relative of his dead wife.

Which of the following best describes the factors in the United States related to its high divorce rate?

women's economic independence; less stringent religious disapproval of divorce

Your cross cousins are ______; and among the South American Indian group, the Yanomami, cross cousins are ______.

your mother's brother's children or your father's sister's children; preferred marriage partners

Which of the following statements about polygyny are true?

Even in cultures where polygyny is encouraged, most men are monogamous. The custom of men marrying later than women promotes polygyny.

How is marriage's scope political in nonindustrial societies?

It is the basis of alliances.

Which of the following statements about marriage outside industrial societies is true?

Marriage is often more of a relationship between groups than between individuals.

Rules that restrict sex and marriage among close relatives and force marriage to outsiders are example of ______ rules.

exogamic

Which statement best describes how incest can be defined differently in different societies?

Although sex and marriage are restricted among close relatives in all societies, the definition of close relative varies cross-culturally.

Which of the following statements about romantic love and its role in marriage are true?

Industrial societies believe marriage is a matter of individuals rather than groups. Cross-culturally, romantic love is a common reason for marriage.

Which explanation for restrictions on incest and rules of exogamy is widely accepted by cultural anthropologists?

Rules forcing people to mate and marry outside their kin groups create new social and political alliances and keep a group from being too isolated.

Which of the following are true about same-sex marriage?

Various societies in West Africa allowed prominent market women to take a wife. Such unions, of various sorts, have been recognized in many different historical and cultural settings. The Nuer of South Sudan allowed a woman to take a wife.

Which of the following is the definition of marriage in Notes and Queries on Anthropology?

a union between a man and a woman such that the children born to the woman are recognized as legitimate offspring of both partners

A transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter or to her husband and his family, at the time of her marriage, is called a

dowry.

In the U.S., people are often encouraged to marry someone from their own religious group. People may also be encouraged to marry someone of their same social class. These practices illustrate

endogamy.

When a father says to his son, "You can no longer see your cousin Lana. You're spending too much time with her; it's not healthy. I want you to go to college and meet some new young women. Maybe you'll find someone new who is interested in you," he is conveying the idea that the son must marry outside of the family, which is the concept of

exogamy.

What is the primary reason most people in Western societies marry?

for love

Subcastes in the caste system are known by which term?

jati

In the United States, continuing a decades-long trend,

just half of all adults were married in 2015, down from 70% in 1950.

This ancient marriage custom has been practiced in many patrilineal societies. If a man died without heirs, his surviving brother was required to marry the widow so as to continue his brother's family through the son that might be born of that marriage. What is the name for this marriage custom?

levirate

Symbolically important goods transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride in exchange for the bride's labor and childbearing capacity are called ______.

lobola

The name ______, which designates a kind of marital gift, comes from a patrilineal society in Mozambique. It usually consists of cattle and is presented by the husband and his kin to the family of the bride.

lobola

Hawaiians and other Polynesians believed that their kings and queens had a concentrated sacred energy called mana, which common people could not share. To maintain this sacred energy, the rule for a king was that his most appropriate wife was his sister. This set of cultural beliefs illustrates the

manifest function of royal endogamy.

The ______ function of a custom refers to the reasons people in that society give for it, and the ______ function is an effect the custom has on the society that its members don't mention or may not even recognize.

manifest; latent

Sometimes, when same-sex marriage is allowed, one of the partners is of the same biological sex as the spouse but is considered to belong to a different, socially constructed gender. Which of the following is an example of this?

marriage between a Native American man and a "Two-Spirit"

The socially recognized father of children is known by which anthropological term?

pater

Which types of marriage practices present problems for the definition of marriage offered in Notes and Queries on Anthropology?

plural marriages and same-sex marriages

The type of marriage called ______ is rare and is mainly restricted to Tibet, Nepal, India, and Sri Lanka in areas where men are required to travel often for commercial trade and military activities. This type of marriage ensures there will be at least one husband at home to do what is considered "men's work."

polyandry

What is a general term for plural marriages?

polygamy

In societies in which the rulers were considered sacred or divine, those rulers were often forbidden from marrying anyone who was not also sacred or divine. It was not uncommon in such cases for brothers or sisters to marry or for cousins to marry. Such practices are called

royal endogamy.

In which kinds of societies is divorce less common?

societies with "replacement marriages" such as the levirate and sororate

Holly, living among a traditional group of Inuit people in northern Canada, is told a story about an unfortunate man whose young wife died. The man's family insisted that he marry the deceased wife's older sister. Because he married the older sister, there was no need to return the marital gifts that his family had received from his wife's family and the alliance between their two families remained strong. What is the name for this marriage custom?

sororate

According to studies, who benefits especially from online dating?

young Americans (aged 18-24 years) who appreciate the convenience of mobile dating apps older people, who are more likely than younger ones to use online dating to find a partner