Chapter 11 c)

outgroup

"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our group.

ingroup

"us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

In the United States and Canada, about _____ percent of women "constantly think about their looks." This percentage is _____ than the corresponding percentage in Mexico and Venezuela.

20; lower

_____ perceptions are mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Mirror-image

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

social script

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

aggression

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Altruism is BEST described as:

behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of:

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as the _____ effect.

bystander

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the _____ in the brains of violent criminals.

frontal lobes

During Boy Scout camp, Cole was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Ty on the opposing team. Before the game started, Cole and Ty were each convinced that his team was the better one. The boys' beliefs BEST illustrate a(n) _____ bias.

ingroup

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the:

just-world phenomenon.

Aggression is related to increased activity in the _____ and decreased activity in the _____.

limbic system; central executive

Darley and Latané simulated a physical emergency in their laboratory. University students participated in a discussion over an intercom. Each student was in a separate cubicle, and only the person whose microphone was switched on could be heard. One of the students was an accomplice of the experimenters. When his turn came, he made sounds as though he were having an epileptic seizure, and called for help. Those subjects who believed only they alone could hear the victim were:

more likely to help

Compared with nongaming individuals, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display _____ desensitization to violence, and they are _____ likely to help an injured victim.

more; less

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Elaine Hatfield and her co-workers randomly matched new University of Minnesota students for a Welcome Week dance. On the night of the blind date, the couples danced and talked for more than two hours and then took a brief intermission to rate their dates. What determined whether they liked each other?

physical attractiveness

The correlation between temperature and the likelihood that major-league baseball batters will be hit by pitched balls is:

positive.

The MOST powerful indicator of whether people will become friends is:

proiximity

The MOST powerful indicator of whether people will become friends is geographic nearness, or _____.

proximity

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____ theory.

scapegoat

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

The text proposes that categorization, one of the roots of prejudice, arises from our mind's desire to:

simplify the world.

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently MORE likely to enact the _____ provided by the media.

social scripts

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is BEST explained in terms of:

the just-world phenomenon.

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

just-world phenomenon

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group.

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that:

animals can be bred for aggressiveness.

Aggression is related to increased activity in the _____ and decreased activity in the _____.

amygdala; frontal lobe

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of romantic love.

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate:

an ingroup bias.

prejudice

an unfair and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.